World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines

Alessandro Fiocchi, MD, Pediatric Division, Department of Child and Maternal Medicine, University of Milan Medical School at the Melloni Hospital, Milan 20129, Italy. Holger Schünemann, MD, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, 1200 Main Street West Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. Sami L. Bahna, MD, Pediatrics & Medicine, Allergy & Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130. Andrea Von Berg, MD, Research Institute, Children s department , Marien-Hospital, Wesel, Germany. Kirsten Beyer, MD, Charité Klinik für Pädiatrie m.S. Pneumologie und Immunologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. Martin Bozzola, MD, Department of Pediatrics, British Hospital-Perdriel 74-CABA-Buenos Aires, Argentina. Julia Bradsher, PhD, Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network, 11781 Lee Jackson Highway, Suite 160, Fairfax, VA 22033. Jan Brozek, MD, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, 1200 Main Street West Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. Enrico Compalati, MD, Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine. University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy. Motohiro Ebisawa, MD, Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa 228-8522, Japan. Maria Antonieta Guzman, MD, Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Santos Dumont 999. Haiqi Li, MD, Professor of Pediatric Division, Department of Primary Child Care, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, China, 400014. Ralf G. Heine, MD, FRACP, Department of Allergy & Immunology, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Paul Keith, MD, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Gideon Lack, MD, King’s College London, Asthma-UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Department of Pediatric Allergy, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. Massimo Landi, MD, National Pediatric Healthcare System, Italian Federation of Pediatric Medicine, Territorial Pediatric Primary Care Group, Turin, Italy. Alberto Martelli, MD, Pediatric Division, Department of Child and Maternal Medicine, University of Milan Medical School at the Melloni Hospital, Milan 20129, Italy. Fabienne Rancé, MD, Allergologie, Hôpital des Enfants, Pôle Médicochirurgical de Pédiatrie, 330 av. de Grande Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse CEDEX, France. Hugh Sampson, MD, Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, NY 10029-6574. Airton Stein, MD, Conceicao Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Luigi Terracciano, MD, Pediatric Division, Department of Child and Maternal Medicine, University of Milan Medical School at the Melloni Hospital, Milan 20129, Italy. Stefan Vieths, MD, Division of Allergology, Paul-EhrlichInstitut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, D-63225 Langen, Germany.

[1]  L. Lubitz,et al.  Effect of antireflux medication, placebo and infant mental health intervention on persistent crying: A randomized clinical trial , 2006, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[2]  J. Walker-Smith Cow's milk allergy: a new understanding from immunology. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[3]  E. Bonifazi,et al.  Food allergy in atopic dermatitis: experimental observations. , 1978, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[4]  C. Grant,et al.  Randomized, double‐blind comparison of growth in infants receiving goat milk formula versus cow milk infant formula , 2005, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[5]  H. Weiner,et al.  Peripheral deletion of antigen-reactive T cells in oral tolerance , 1995, Nature.

[6]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  The prevalence of food hypersensitivity in an unselected population of children and adults , 2005, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[7]  R. Good,et al.  Severe food allergies by skin contact. , 2001, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[8]  M. Tang,et al.  The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy position statement: summary of allergy prevention in children , 2005, The Medical journal of Australia.

[9]  C. de Frutos,et al.  Re‐sensitization to fish after a temporary tolerance , 2003, Allergy.

[10]  J. Sempere,et al.  Acute allergic reaction to an iron compound in a milk‐allergic patient , 2006, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[11]  H. Sampson,et al.  Interpreting skin prick tests in the evaluation of food allergy in children , 1998, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[12]  E. Savilahti,et al.  Supplementary feeding in maternity hospitals and the risk of cow's milk allergy: A prospective study of 6209 infants. , 1999, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[13]  J. Gobert,et al.  Fecal Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, Eosinophil Cationic Protein and IgE Levels in Infants with Cows Milk Allergy and Gastrointestinal Manifestations , 1999, Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine.

[14]  S. Bella,et al.  Diagnostic value of food specific IgE antibodies in children with immediate digestive symptoms to cow's milk. , 2004, Jornal de Pediatria.

[15]  A. Nowak‐Wegrzyn Food allergy to proteins. , 2007, Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme.

[16]  M. J. Fresnadillo Martínez,et al.  Cow's milk-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis: case report of a patient with previous allergy to cow's milk. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[17]  M. Falagas,et al.  Probiotics for the Treatment or Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis , 2008, American journal of clinical dermatology.

[18]  R. Wood,et al.  Mammalian milk allergy: avoidance strategies and oral desensitization , 2009, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[19]  S. Spitzauer Allergy to Mammalian Proteins: At the Borderline between Foreign and Self? , 1999, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[20]  L. Bezrodnik,et al.  Hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary to cow‐milk allergy in children under 2 years of age , 2007, Immunology.

[21]  J. Xaus,et al.  Goat Milk is Less Immunogenic than Cow Milk in a Murine Model of Atopy , 2004, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[22]  R. Heine Gastroesophageal reflux disease, colic and constipation in infants with food allergy , 2006, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[23]  S. Bahna Exquisite food allergy without eating , 1994, Allergy.

[24]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Prospective, controlled, multi‐center study on the effect of an amino‐acid‐based formula in infants with cow's milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis , 2001, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[25]  D. Marchant,et al.  The diagnostic evaluation. , 2002, Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America.

[26]  H. Suzumura,et al.  Cow's milk allergy with severe atopic dermatitis in a 605-g extremely low birth weight infant. , 2006, The Journal of pediatrics.

[27]  Sami L Bahna,et al.  Work Group report: oral food challenge testing. , 2009, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[28]  G. Lack,et al.  Oral food challenge in children: an expert review. , 2009, European annals of allergy and clinical immunology.

[29]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Serum tryptase and urinary 1-methylhistamine as parameters for monitoring oral food challenges in children. , 1994, International archives of allergy and immunology.

[30]  A. Burks,et al.  Oral tolerance, food allergy, and immunotherapy: implications for future treatment. , 2008, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[31]  M. Shelton,et al.  Manifestations of milk allergy in infancy: clinical and immunologic findings. , 1986, The Journal of pediatrics.

[32]  P. Restani,et al.  Heat treatment modifies the allergenicity of beef and bovine serum albumin , 1998, Allergy.

[33]  R. Heine,et al.  Eosinophilic oesophagitis , 2006, The Medical journal of Australia.

[34]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Eczematous reactions to food in atopic eczema: position paper of the EAACI and GA2LEN , 2007, Allergy.

[35]  E. Isolauri,et al.  Diagnosis of cow's milk allergy: open or blinded? , 1997, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[36]  P. Restani,et al.  Cross-reactivity between mammalian proteins. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[37]  D. Ley,et al.  Effectiveness of casein hydrolysate feedings in infants with colic , 2000, Acta paediatrica.

[38]  L. Terracciano,et al.  Growth of infants with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy fed different formulas in the complementary feeding period. , 2007, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[39]  E. Galli,et al.  Soy formulas and nonbovine milk. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[40]  林照惠 食物アレルギー患児におけるDouble-Blind,Placebo-Controlled Food Challengeによる症状発現時間の差異とその解析 , 1995 .

[41]  S. Bock,et al.  Skin testing and food challenges in allergy and immunology practice , 1999, Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology.

[42]  S. Halken,et al.  Clinical course of cow's milk protein allergy/intolerance and atopic diseases in childhood , 2002, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[43]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Going from evidence to recommendations , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[44]  S. Sicherer Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome: case presentations and management lessons. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[45]  E. Novembre,et al.  Milk allergy/intolerance and atopic dermatitis in infancy and childhood , 2001, Allergy.

[46]  A Fiocchi,et al.  Tolerance to a rice hydrolysate formula in children allergic to cow's milk and soy , 2003, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[47]  C. Peri,et al.  Composition and nutritional quality of mare's milk , 1993 .

[48]  D. Moneret-vautrin,et al.  Oral desensitization in children with milk and egg allergies obtains recovery in a significant proportion of cases. A randomized study in 60 children with cow's milk allergy and 90 children with egg allergy. , 2007, European annals of allergy and clinical immunology.

[49]  H. Sampson,et al.  Tolerance to extensively heated milk in children with cow's milk allergy. , 2008, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[50]  S. Bahna Food challenge procedures in research and in clinical practice. , 1995, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[51]  Elesa Crowley,et al.  Evidence for a role of cow's milk consumption in chronic functional constipation in children: Systematic review of the literature from 1980 to 2006 , 2008 .

[52]  C. Dupont,et al.  Allergy to extensively hydrolyzed cow's milk proteins in infants: safety and duration of amino acid-based formula. , 2002, The Journal of pediatrics.

[53]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Diagnosis of Food Allergy in Children: Toward a Standardization of Food Challenge , 2007, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[54]  C. McLeish,et al.  Comparison of an elemental with a hydrolysed whey formula in intolerance to cows' milk. , 1995, Archives of disease in childhood.

[55]  H. Sampson,et al.  Clinical reactivity to beef in children allergic to cow's milk. , 1997, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[56]  J. Ioannidis,et al.  Better Reporting of Harms in Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement , 2004, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[57]  Á. Atallah,et al.  [Kwashiorkor after an exclusion diet for eczema]. , 2001, Presse medicale.

[58]  M. Chehade IgE and non-IgE-mediated food allergy: treatment in 2007 , 2007, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[59]  D. Hill,et al.  Specificity of allergen skin testing in predicting positive open food challenges to milk, egg and peanut in children , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[60]  M. García-Ara,et al.  Cow's milk‐specific immunoglobulin E levels as predictors of clinical reactivity in the follow‐up of the cow's milk allergy infants , 2004, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[61]  E. Isolauri,et al.  Cow's Milk Allergy in Infants with Atopic Eczema is Associated with Aberrant Production of Interleukin-4 During Oral Cow's Milk Challenge , 2004, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[62]  F. van Wijk,et al.  Initiating mechanisms of food allergy: Oral tolerance versus allergic sensitization. , 2007, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[63]  A. Pelliccia,et al.  Allergy and childhood epilepsy: a close relationship? , 2001, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[64]  C. Scalici,et al.  The "Red Umbilicus": A Diagnostic Sign of Cow's Milk Protein Intolerance , 2006, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[65]  M. Soresi,et al.  Intolerance of cow's milk and chronic constipation in children , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[66]  M. Calvani,et al.  Anaphylaxis to sheep's milk cheese in a child unaffected by cow's milk protein allergy , 1998, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[67]  A. Dubois,et al.  Placebo reactions in double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges in children , 2007, Allergy.

[68]  H. Sampson,et al.  Recurrent peanut allergy. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[69]  D. Horrobin,et al.  Fatty acid metabolism in health and disease: the role of delta-6-desaturase. , 1993, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[70]  A. Mazon,et al.  Frequent IgE sensitization to latex, cow's milk, and egg in children with short bowel syndrome , 2008, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[71]  R. Helm Food allergy: in-vivo diagnostics including challenge , 2001, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[72]  G. du Toit Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis in childhood. , 2007, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[73]  S. Bahna,et al.  Milk‐induced pulmonary disease in infants (Heiner syndrome) , 2005, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[74]  E. Seidman,et al.  Distinct patterns of cow's milk allergy in infancy defined by prolonged, two‐stage double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenges , 1996, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[75]  J. Burton,et al.  ORAL EVENING-PRIMROSE-SEED OIL IMPROVES ATOPIC ECZEMA , 1982, The Lancet.

[76]  W. Assendelft,et al.  Systematic review of the occurrence of infantile colic in the community , 2001, Archives of disease in childhood.

[77]  S. Bahna Blind food challenge testing with wide-open eyes. , 1994, Annals of allergy.

[78]  A. Lake Food-induced eosinophilic proctocolitis. , 2000, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[79]  H. Weiner,et al.  Oral tolerance: immunologic mechanisms and treatment of animal and human organ-specific autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens. , 1994, Annual review of immunology.

[80]  M. Mäkelä,et al.  Clinical course and prognosis of cow's milk allergy are dependent on milk-specific IgE status. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[81]  D. Moneret-vautrin,et al.  Thresholds of clinical reactivity to milk, egg, peanut and sesame in immunoglobulin E‐dependent allergies: evaluation by double‐blind or single‐blind placebo‐controlled oral challenges , 2003, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[82]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Atopy patch tests, together with determination of specific IgE levels, reduce the need for oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. , 2001, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[83]  A. Burks,et al.  IgE antibody response to vertebrate meat proteins including tropomyosin. , 1999, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[84]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Milk allergy and bottles over the back fence: two single patient trials , 2008, Cases journal.

[85]  A. Burks,et al.  Prospective oral food challenge study of two soybean protein isolates in patients with possible milk or soy protein enterocolitis , 1994, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[86]  L. Mayer,et al.  Oral tolerance and its relation to food hypersensitivities. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[87]  S. Salminen,et al.  Milk hypersensitivity in young adults , 1999, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[88]  M. Davidovits,et al.  Nutritional rickets in children with cows’ milk allergy: calcium deficiency or vitamin D deficiency? , 2005, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[89]  E. El-Agamy The challenge of cow milk protein allergy , 2007 .

[90]  P. Eigenmann,et al.  Diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy among Swiss children with atopic dermatitis , 2000, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[91]  E. Savilahti,et al.  Food-induced malabsorption syndromes. , 2000, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[92]  Richard Beasley,et al.  Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC , 1998, The Lancet.

[93]  S. Sicherer,et al.  Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2009. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[94]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  GrADe : what is “ quality of evidence ” and why is it important to clinicians ? rATING quALITY of evIDeNCe AND STreNGTH of reCommeNDATIoNS , 2022 .

[95]  Y. Kawano,et al.  A case of milk allergy that presented anaphylaxis after cutaneous contact with allergen , 2001 .

[96]  D. Moneret-vautrin,et al.  Risk of allergy to food proteins in topical medicinal agents and cosmetics. , 2006, European annals of allergy and clinical immunology.

[97]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Changes in Blood Leukocyte Distribution during Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Food Challenges in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and Suspected Food Allergy , 1998, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.

[98]  D. Noto,et al.  Chronic constipation and food intolerance: A model of proctitis causing constipation , 2005, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[99]  D. Hill,et al.  Natural history of cow milk allergy: clinical outcome. , 1990, The Journal of pediatrics.

[100]  A. Ugazio,et al.  Vomiting and Gastric Motility in Infants With Cow's Milk Allergy , 2001, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[101]  M. Soresi,et al.  Use of Ass' Milk in Multiple Food Allergy , 1992, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[102]  L. Terracciano,et al.  Dietary treatment of childhood atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) , 2004, Allergy.

[103]  D. Hepner,et al.  Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report--Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. , 2006, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[104]  D. Moneret-vautrin,et al.  Food hypersensitivity in children: Clinical aspects and distribution of allergens , 1999, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[105]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  Specific serum IgE in the diagnosis of egg and milk allergy in adults , 1995, Allergy.

[106]  M. Rothenberg,et al.  Basic pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis. , 2008, Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America.

[107]  F. Pessler,et al.  Anaphylactic reaction to goat's milk in a cow's milk‐allergic infant , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[108]  A. Plebani,et al.  Determination of allergenicity to three cow's milk hydrolysates and an amino acid‐derived formula in children with cow's milk allergy , 2002, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[109]  H. Heymans,et al.  Development of allergic disorders in children with cow's milk protein allergy or intolerance in infancy , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[110]  J. Wal,et al.  Allergy to goat and sheep milk without allergy to cow's milk , 2006, Allergy.

[111]  A. Burks,et al.  Hypoallergenicity and efficacy of an amino acid-based formula in children with cow's milk and multiple food hypersensitivities. , 2001, The Journal of pediatrics.

[112]  E. Isolauri,et al.  Elimination diet in cow's milk allergy: risk for impaired growth in young children. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[113]  J. Ortonne,et al.  Prebiotics and synbiotics: two promising approaches for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children above 2 years , 2006, Allergy.

[114]  S. H. Arshad,et al.  Prevalence of sensitization reported and objectively assessed food hypersensitivity amongst six‐year‐old children: A population‐based study , 2006, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[115]  C. Chow,et al.  Role of food protein intolerance in infants with persistent distress attributed to reflux esophagitis. , 2000, The Journal of pediatrics.

[116]  D. Gourgiotis,et al.  Cow's milk allergy presented with bloody stools from day 1 of life , 2003, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[117]  R. Vuento,et al.  Weaning to Hypoallergenic Formula Improves Gut Barrier Function in Breast-Fed Infants With Atopic Eczema , 2004, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[118]  R. Hirose,et al.  Massive bloody stools in two neonates caused by cow’s milk allergy , 2006, Pediatric Surgery International.

[119]  K. Kloepfer,et al.  Specific Oral Tolerance Induction in Children With Very Severe Cow's Milk-Induced Reactions , 2008, Pediatrics.

[120]  J. D. de Jongste,et al.  Exhaled nitric oxide measurements in the first 2 years of life: methodological issues, clinical and epidemiological applications , 2009, Italian journal of pediatrics.

[121]  M. Ebisawa,et al.  [Association between childhood oral allergy syndrome and sensitization against four major pollens (Japanese cedar, orchard grass, short ragweed, alder)]. , 2006, Arerugi = [Allergy].

[122]  Beretta,et al.  Cross‐reactivity between milk proteins from different animal species , 1999, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[123]  E. Novembre,et al.  Severe hypoproteinemia in infant with AD , 2003, Allergy.

[124]  A. Staiano,et al.  Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of cow’s milk protein allergy in infants , 2007, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[125]  A. Day,et al.  Management of cow's milk protein allergy in infants and young children: An expert panel perspective , 2009, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[126]  G. Addison,et al.  Linear growth in prepubertal children with atopic dermatitis , 1998, Archives of disease in childhood.

[127]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The atopy patch test (APT) – a useful tool for the diagnosis of food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis , 2000, Allergy.

[128]  M. El-Hodhod,et al.  Cow’s milk allergy related pediatric constipation: Appropriate time of milk tolerance , 2010, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[129]  John Oppenheimer,et al.  SAFE: a multidisciplinary approach to anaphylaxis education in the emergency department. , 2007, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[130]  B. Semmekrot,et al.  Allergic colitis presenting within the first hours of premature life , 2005, Acta paediatrica.

[131]  J. Scher,et al.  Baby Foods: Formulations and Interactions (A Review) , 2006, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[132]  D. Strachan,et al.  Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys , 2006, The Lancet.

[133]  K. Turjanmaa,et al.  Efficacy and safety of hydrolyzed cow milk and amino acid-derived formulas in infants with cow milk allergy. , 1995, The Journal of pediatrics.

[134]  P. Lieberman Biphasic anaphylactic reactions. , 2005, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[135]  S. Sorea,et al.  [Hemorrhagic colitis in exclusively breast-fed infants]. , 2003, Archives de pédiatrie.

[136]  B. Suys,et al.  The nutritional value of a whey hydrolysate formula compared with a whey-predominant formula in healthy infants. , 1993, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[137]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology , 2007, Allergy.

[138]  A. Fiocchi,et al.  Dietary management of food allergy. , 2006, Pediatric annals.

[139]  G. Gasbarrini,et al.  Food allergy in children: results of a standardized protocol for oral desensitization. , 1998, Hepato-gastroenterology.

[140]  E. Valovirta,et al.  Diagnosis of food allergy in Finland:
Survey of pediatric practices , 2000, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[141]  M. Soresi,et al.  Gastroesophageal reflux and cow's milk allergy in infants: a prospective study. , 1996, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[142]  R. Yagil,et al.  Camel milk for food allergies in children. , 2005, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[143]  J. Fauquant,et al.  Goats' milk of defective alpha(s1)-casein genotype decreases intestinal and systemic sensitization to beta-lactoglobulin in guinea pigs. , 2001, The Journal of dairy research.

[144]  A. Martorell,et al.  Sensitization in early age to food allergens in children with atopic dermatitis. , 2007, Allergologia et immunopathologia.

[145]  X. X. Zhao Milk production of Chinese Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) , 1998 .

[146]  B. Cohen,et al.  Prevalence of IgE-Mediated Food Allergy Among Children With Atopic Dermatitis , 1998, Pediatrics.

[147]  A. Dubois,et al.  Dietary assessment in children adhering to a food allergen avoidance diet for allergy prevention , 2006, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[148]  G. Guillet,et al.  Natural history of sensitizations in atopic dermatitis. A 3-year follow-up in 250 children: food allergy and high risk of respiratory symptoms. , 1992, Archives of dermatology.

[149]  M. Shaker,et al.  An update on food allergy , 2009, Current opinion in pediatrics.

[150]  Z. Hui Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy in Infants , 2009 .

[151]  R. Wood,et al.  The relationship of allergen-specific IgE levels and oral food challenge outcome. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[152]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The predictive value of specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum for the outcome of oral food challenges , 2005, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[153]  R. Reading How dangerous is food allergy in childhood? The incidence of severe and fatal allergic reactions across the UK and Ireland. , 2002 .

[154]  K. Tse,et al.  Severe cow's milk protein allergy in a Chinese neonate. , 2001, Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi.

[155]  H. Skolnick,et al.  Correlation of Initial Food Reactions to Observed Reactions on Challenges , 2005, Pediatrics.

[156]  P. Restani,et al.  Beef allergy in children. , 2000, Nutrition.

[157]  N. Simanovsky,et al.  Crico‐pharyngeal spasm associated with cow milk protein allergy in infancy , 2007, Allergy.

[158]  J. Rosado-Pinto,et al.  Sheep and goat's milk allergy – a case study , 2005, Allergy.

[159]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Anaphylactic reactions in children – a questionnaire‐based survey in Germany , 2005, Allergy.

[160]  Iacono,et al.  Persistent cow's milk protein intolerance in infants: the changing faces of the same disease , 1998, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[161]  C. Di Lorenzo,et al.  The Paris Consensus on Childhood Constipation Terminology (PACCT) Group. , 2005, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[162]  L. Terracciano,et al.  Anaphylaxis to rice by inhalation. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[163]  F. D. de Benedictis,et al.  Confirmation of the association between high levels of immunoglobulin E food sensitization and eczema in infancy: an international study , 2007, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[164]  F. Veglia,et al.  Incremental prognostic factors associated with cow's milk allergy outcomes in infant and child referrals: the Milan Cow's Milk Allergy Cohort study. , 2008, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[165]  A. Fiocchi,et al.  Oral food challenges in children in Italy , 2005, Allergy.

[166]  Steve L Taylor,et al.  Factors affecting the determination of threshold doses for allergenic foods: how much is too much? , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[167]  R. Korpela,et al.  A follow-up study of nutrient intake, nutritional status, and growth in infants with cow milk allergy fed either a soy formula or an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[168]  S. Ahlstedt,et al.  Immunoglobulin E and Immunoglobulin G4 Antibodies to Cow's Milk in Children with Cow's Milk Allergy , 1983, Allergy.

[169]  G. Gasbarrini,et al.  Oral Desensitisation in Cow Milk Allergy: Immunological Findings , 2002, International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology.

[170]  H. Weiner,et al.  Oral tolerance , 2011, Immunological reviews.

[171]  C. Nagler‐Anderson Tolerance and immunity in the intestinal immune system. , 2000, Critical reviews in immunology.

[172]  L. López-Rosés,et al.  [Eosinophilic esophagitis due to allergy to sheep and goat milk proteins]. , 2008, Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva.

[173]  F. Veglia,et al.  Impact of dietary regimen on the duration of cow's milk allergy: a random allocation study , 2010, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[174]  T. Karttunen,et al.  Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia and cow's milk hypersensitivity in children with chronic constipation. , 2004, The Journal of pediatrics.

[175]  J. Mcghee,et al.  Immunoglobulin A (IgA): molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response. , 1987, Advances in immunology.

[176]  E. Savilahti,et al.  Value of immunologic tests in cow milk allergy , 1990, Allergy.

[177]  A. Plebani,et al.  IgE antibodies to hydrolysates of cow milk proteins in children with cow milk allergy. , 1990, Annals of allergy.

[178]  H. Tamim,et al.  Patterns of breastfeeding practice during the first 6 months of life in Saudi Arabia. , 2008, Saudi medical journal.

[179]  W. Assendelft,et al.  Infantile Colic: Crying Time Reduction With a Whey Hydrolysate: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial , 2000 .

[180]  Niggemann,et al.  Outcome of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis , 1999, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[181]  M. Leshno,et al.  Cross-sensitization between milk proteins: reactivity to a "kosher" epitope? , 2008, The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ.

[182]  S. Bahna,et al.  Delayed food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. , 2007, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[183]  Shih-wen Huang Follow‐up of children with rhinitis and cough associated with milk allergy , 2007, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[184]  R. Wood,et al.  The natural history of IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy. , 2007, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[185]  D. Hill,et al.  The efficacy of amino acid‐based formulas in relieving the symptoms of cow's milk allergy: a systematic review , 2007, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[186]  A. Kemp,et al.  Feeding choice for children with immediate allergic reactions to cows milk protein , 2008, The Medical journal of Australia.

[187]  G. Toit,et al.  Food allergy as a risk factor for nutritional rickets , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[188]  G. Iacono,et al.  Intolerance to hydrolysed cow's milk proteins in infants: clinical characteristics and dietary treatment , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[189]  R. Bush,et al.  Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as an office procedure: a manual. , 1988, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[190]  S. Strobel,et al.  Oral tolerance and allergic responses to food proteins , 2006, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[191]  C. Caffarelli,et al.  Anaphylaxis in Children: Clinical and Allergologic Features , 1998, Pediatrics.

[192]  H. Sampson,et al.  Food allergy. Part 2: diagnosis and management. , 1999, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[193]  G. Roberts,et al.  Food allergy as a risk factor for life-threatening asthma in childhood: a case-controlled study. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[194]  Marilyn Halonen,et al.  Tucson Children's Respiratory Study: 1980 to present. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[195]  J. Berth-Jones,et al.  Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis , 1993, The Lancet.

[196]  T. Sullivan,et al.  Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis. , 1986, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[197]  A. Mari,et al.  Efficacy of donkey’s milk in treating cow’s milk allergic children: Major concerns , 2007, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[198]  A. Sabrá,et al.  IgE and non-IgE food allergy. , 2003, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[199]  J. G. Michael,et al.  The role of digestive enzymes in orally induced immune tolerance. , 1989, Immunological investigations.

[200]  S. Salminen,et al.  Inventing probiotic functional foods for patients with allergic disease. , 2002, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[201]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The role of eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein in monitoring oral challenge tests in children with food-sensitive atopic dermatitis. , 1994, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[202]  Xiu-Min Li Traditional Chinese herbal remedies for asthma and food allergy. , 2007, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[203]  J. Kokkonen,et al.  Status of children with cow's milk allergy in infancy by 10 years of age , 2000, Acta paediatrica.

[204]  G. Roberts,et al.  Relevance of inhalational exposure to food allergens , 2003, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[205]  S. Hill,et al.  Colitis caused by food allergy in infants. , 1990, Archives of disease in childhood.

[206]  R. Ford,et al.  Natural history of egg hypersensitivity. , 1982, Archives of disease in childhood.

[207]  S. Brown Clinical features and severity grading of anaphylaxis. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[208]  I. Palczewska,et al.  [Somatic development assessment of children with food allergy treated with milk free diet]. , 2002, Developmental Period Medicine.

[209]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The development of childhood asthma: lessons from the German Multicentre Allergy Study (MAS). , 2002, Paediatric respiratory reviews.

[210]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Predictors of positive food challenge outcome in non-IgE-mediated reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis. , 2001, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[211]  C. Dupont,et al.  The atopy patch tests for detection of cow's milk allergy with digestive symptoms. , 2003, The Journal of pediatrics.

[212]  G. Chelimsky,et al.  Allergic colitis presenting in the first day of life: report of three cases. , 2000, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[213]  S. Bahna Food challenge procedure: optimal choices for clinical practice. , 2007, Allergy and asthma proceedings.

[214]  D. Hepner,et al.  Symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[215]  R. Korpela,et al.  Allergy to soy formula and to extensively hydrolyzed whey formula in infants with cow's milk allergy: a prospective, randomized study with a follow-up to the age of 2 years. , 2002, The Journal of pediatrics.

[216]  R. Davis,et al.  Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[217]  D. Heiner,et al.  Chronic respiratory disease associated with multiple circulating precipitins to cow's milk. , 1960 .

[218]  R. Odze,et al.  Allergic proctocolitis in infants: a prospective clinicopathologic biopsy study. , 1993, Human pathology.

[219]  B. Nahm,et al.  Quantitative measurement of serum allergen-specific IgE on protein chip , 2002, Experimental & Molecular Medicine.

[220]  M. Gold,et al.  Parent reported allergy and anaphylaxis in 4173 South Australian children , 2000, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[221]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  Eosinophilia in the upper gastrointestinal tract is not a characteristic feature in cow’s milk sensitive gastro–oesophageal reflux disease. Measurement by two methodologies , 2006, Journal of Clinical Pathology.

[222]  Z. Szépfalusi,et al.  [Cow's milk allergy: guidelines for the diagnostic evaluation]. , 2007, Klinische Padiatrie.

[223]  P. Restani,et al.  Molecular aspects of milk allergens and their role in clinical events , 2009, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[224]  E. Terho [Diagnosis of food allergy]. , 1994, Nordisk medicin.

[225]  Steve L. Taylor,et al.  Ingredient and labeling issues associated with allergenic foods , 2001, Allergy.

[226]  A. Fiocchi,et al.  Antigen-reduced infant formulas versus human milk: growth and metabolic parameters in the first 6 months of life. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[227]  L. Mayer,et al.  Oral tolerance to protein antigens , 2001, Allergy.

[228]  Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[229]  K. Turjanmaa,et al.  Cow's milk allergy: diagnostic accuracy of skin prick and patch tests and specific IgE , 1999, Allergy.

[230]  A. Muraro,et al.  Dietary products used in infants for treatment and prevention of food allergy. , 1999, Archives of disease in childhood.

[231]  Sheila M. Williams,et al.  Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[232]  F. Cresi,et al.  CORRESPONDENCE SECTION , 2001 .

[233]  N. Mirra,et al.  [Pulmonary hemosiderosis induced by cow's milk proteins: a discussion of a clinical case]. , 1992, La Pediatria medica e chirurgica : Medical and surgical pediatrics.

[234]  S. Salminen,et al.  Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[235]  J. Lipozenčić,et al.  ADVERSE REACTIONS TO FOOD , 1984, The Lancet.

[236]  F. Cavataio,et al.  Severe infantile colic and food intolerance: a long-term prospective study. , 1991, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[237]  A. Boner,et al.  Cow's milk allergic children can present sensitisation to probiotics , 2008, Acta paediatrica.

[238]  H. Sampson,et al.  Safety of an amino acid-derived infant formula in children allergic to cow milk. , 1992, Pediatrics.

[239]  David Moher,et al.  Reporting Randomized, Controlled Trials of Herbal Interventions: An Elaborated CONSORT Statement , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[240]  D. Hall,et al.  Severe Nutritional Deficiencies in Toddlers Resulting From Health Food Milk Alternatives , 2001, Pediatrics.

[241]  Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn,et al.  Rare, medium, or well done? The effect of heating and food matrix on food protein allergenicity , 2009, Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology.

[242]  H. Sampson,et al.  Contamination of dry powder inhalers for asthma with milk proteins containing lactose. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[243]  E. Isolauri,et al.  Evaluation of the gut mucosal barrier: evidence for increased antigen transfer in children with atopic eczema. , 1996, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[244]  P. Demoly,et al.  [A revised nomenclature for allergy]. , 2004, Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie.

[245]  J. Bousquet,et al.  A revised nomenclature for allergy: An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force , 2001, Allergy.

[246]  L. Bennett,et al.  Cow’s Milk Allergy: A Complex Disorder , 2005, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[247]  S. Bock,et al.  Evaluation of IgE-mediated food hypersensitivities. , 2000, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[248]  H. Sampson,et al.  Clinical features of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[249]  S. Sicherer Food allergy: When and how to perform oral food challenges , 1999, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[250]  S. Bahna Unusual presentations of food allergy. , 2001, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[251]  E. Ruchelli,et al.  Elemental Diet Is an Effective Treatment for Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children and Adolescents , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[252]  J. Vanderhoof Hypoallergenicity and Effects on Growth and Tolerance of a New Amino Acid–based Formula with DHA and ARA , 2008, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[253]  Xia Li,et al.  Induction of tolerance after establishment of peanut allergy by the food allergy herbal formula‐2 is associated with up‐regulation of interferon‐γ , 2007, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[254]  D. Perry,et al.  Allergic Constipation: Association with Infantile Milk Allergy , 2001, Clinical pediatrics.

[255]  S. Bock Respiratory reactions induced by food challenges in children with pulmonary disease , 1992 .

[256]  J. Sinagra,et al.  Unnecessary Milk Elimination Diets in Children with Atopic Dermatitis , 2007, Pediatric dermatology.

[257]  F M Al-Awadi,et al.  Trace elements and their distribution in protein fractions of camel milk in comparison to other commonly consumed milks , 2001, Journal of Dairy Research.

[258]  David M. Lang,et al.  Food allergy: a practice parameter. , 2006, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[259]  H. Sampson,et al.  Respiratory reactions provoked by double-blind food challenges in children. , 1994, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.

[260]  H. Sampson,et al.  Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[261]  A. Akpinarli,et al.  Intrauterine cow's milk sensitization , 2000, Allergy.

[262]  T. Werfel,et al.  Contact reactions to food , 2008, Current allergy and asthma reports.

[263]  J. Spergel,et al.  Food allergy and additives: triggers in asthma. , 2005, Immunology and allergy clinics of North America.

[264]  G. Passalacqua,et al.  Food‐exercise‐induced anaphylaxis in a boy successfully desensitized to cow milk , 2007, Allergy.

[265]  S. Ida,et al.  Cow’s milk allergy presenting Hirschsprung’s disease-mimicking symptoms , 2005, Pediatric Surgery International.

[266]  S. Strobel,et al.  Cellobiose/mannitol sugar permeability test complements biopsy histopathology in clinical investigation of the jejunum. , 1984, Gut.

[267]  C. Naspitz,et al.  Cow's milk protein intolerance and chronic constipation in children , 2001, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[268]  R. Wood,et al.  Risk of oral food challenges. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[269]  R. Kurukulaaratchy,et al.  Defining childhood atopic phenotypes to investigate the association of atopic sensitization with allergic disease , 2005, Allergy.

[270]  B. Niggemann,et al.  The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. , 2004, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[271]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  Severe Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Cow Milk Hypersensitivity in Infants and Children: Disease Association and Evaluation of a New Challenge Procedure , 2004, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[272]  D. Hill,et al.  Challenge confirmation of late-onset reactions to extensively hydrolyzed formulas in infants with multiple food protein intolerance. , 1995, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[273]  L. Terracciano,et al.  Clinical tolerance to lactose in children with cow's milk allergy. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[274]  C. Dupont,et al.  Multiple food allergy: a possible diagnosis in breastfed infants , 1997, Acta paediatrica.

[275]  A. Cantani,et al.  Labial food challenge in children with food allergy. , 1998, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[276]  R. Simon,et al.  In vivo diagnosis: skin testing and oral challenge procedures. , 1996 .

[277]  J. James Respiratory manifestations of food allergy. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[278]  B. Niggemann,et al.  Vorgehen bei Säuglingen mit Verdacht auf Kuhmilchproteinallergie , 2009, Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde.

[279]  C. Dupont,et al.  Allergy to extensively hydrolyzed cow milk proteins in infants: identification and treatment with an amino acid-based formula. , 1997, The Journal of pediatrics.

[280]  Xiu-Min Li,et al.  Efficacy and mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines for treating asthma and allergy. , 2009, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[281]  H. Sampson,et al.  Food Allergy Herbal Formula-1 (FAHF-1) blocks peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine model. , 2001, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[282]  T. Clifford,et al.  Sequelae of infant colic: evidence of transient infant distress and absence of lasting effects on maternal mental health. , 2002, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[283]  A. Day,et al.  Guidelines for the use of infant formulas to treat cows milk protein allergy: an Australian consensus panel opinion , 2008, The Medical journal of Australia.

[284]  P. Brand,et al.  Characteristics of infants admitted to hospital for persistent colic, and comparison with healthy infants , 2007, Acta paediatrica.

[285]  H. Sampson,et al.  Use of multiple doses of epinephrine in food-induced anaphylaxis in children. , 2008, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[286]  W. Wouters-Wesseling,et al.  Hypoallergenicity of an extensively hydrolyzed whey formula , 2001, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[287]  A. Lake Dietary protein enterocolitis , 1999, Current allergy reports.

[288]  P. Bonadonna,et al.  [Occupational asthma induced by casein inhalation]. , 2003, Giornale italiano di medicina del lavoro ed ergonomia.

[289]  W. Holmes Failure to thrive , 1990, The Lancet.

[290]  J. O’B Hourihane The threshold concept in food safety and its applicability
to food allergy , 2001, Allergy.

[291]  B. Ludviksson,et al.  Correlation between serum immunoglobulin A concentrations and allergic manifestations in infants. , 1992, The Journal of pediatrics.

[292]  K. Nékám,et al.  Standardization of food challenges in patients with immediate reactions to foods – position paper from the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology , 2004, Allergy.

[293]  M. Boeker,et al.  Milk-responsive atopic dermatitis is associated with a casein-specific lymphocyte response in adolescent and adult patients. , 1997, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[294]  M. Eggesbø,et al.  Nutrient intake among two‐year‐old children on cows' milk‐restricted diets , 2000, Acta paediatrica.

[295]  A. Burks,et al.  Atopic dermatitis: clinical relevance of food hypersensitivity reactions. , 1988, The Journal of pediatrics.

[296]  J. Díaz-Pena,et al.  Prediction of tolerance on the basis of quantification of egg white-specific IgE antibodies in children with egg allergy. , 2002, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[297]  Isolauri,et al.  Late onset reactions to oral food challenge are linked to low serum interleukin‐10 concentrations in patients with atopic dermatitis and food allergy , 2000, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[298]  S. Fanaro,et al.  Z-score of weight for age of infants with atopic dermatitis and cow's milk allergy fed with a rice-hydrolysate formula during the first two years of life. , 2005, Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement.

[299]  S. Akashi,et al.  Rapid confirmation and revision of the primary structure of bovine serum albumin by ESIMS and Frit-FAB LC/MS. , 1990, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[300]  A. Nava-Ocampo,et al.  Hypereosinophilia, hyper-IgE syndrome, and atopic dermatitis in a toddler with food hypersensitivity. , 2008, Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology.

[301]  S. Sicherer The Natural History of IgE-Mediated Cow's Milk Allergy , 2008, Pediatrics.

[302]  D. Greenes,et al.  Biphasic Anaphylactic Reactions in Pediatrics , 2000, Pediatrics.

[303]  S. Strobel Oral Tolerance, Systemic Immunoregulation, and Autoimmunity , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[304]  S. Sicherer Clinical aspects of gastrointestinal food allergy in childhood. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[305]  A. Assa'ad Gastrointestinal eosinophil-mediated disorders and their treatment , 2009, Current allergy and asthma reports.

[306]  K. Carlsen,et al.  Dietary prevention of allergic diseases in infants and small children. , 2004, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[307]  S. Willich,et al.  The multinational birth cohort of EuroPrevall: background, aims and methods , 2010, Allergy.

[308]  Y. Danon,et al.  Lessons from the clinical course of IgE‐mediated cow milk allergy in Israel , 2007, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[309]  A. Colver,et al.  How dangerous is food allergy in childhood? The incidence of severe and fatal allergic reactions across the UK and Ireland , 2002, Archives of disease in childhood.

[310]  G. Radaelli,et al.  Nutritional Value of a Rice-Hydrolysate Formula in Infants with Cows' Milk Protein Allergy: A Randomized Pilot Study , 2003, The Journal of international medical research.

[311]  G. Putet,et al.  [Infant formulas and soy protein-based formulas: current data]. , 2001, Archives de pédiatrie.

[312]  A. Burks,et al.  The natural progression of peanut allergy: Resolution and the possibility of recurrence. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[313]  C. A. Fossati,et al.  Evaluation of the residual antigenicity and allergenicity of cow's milk substitutes by in vitro tests , 2002, Allergy.

[314]  C. May,et al.  Objective clinical and laboratory studies of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to foods in asthmatic children. , 1976, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[315]  V. Morinville,et al.  Foveolar hyperplasia secondary to cow's milk protein hypersensitivity presenting with clinical features of pyloric stenosis. , 2004, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[316]  A. Knulst,et al.  Acute allergic reactions in children with AEDS after prolonged cow's milk elimination diets , 2006, Allergy.

[317]  E. Lilius,et al.  Current perspectives on milk hypersensitivity , 1999 .

[318]  E. Savilahti,et al.  A similar high level of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G class milk antibodies and increment of local lymphoid tissue on the duodenal mucosa in subjects with cow's milk allergy and recurrent abdominal pains , 2002, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[319]  M. Wickman Experience with quantitative IgE antibody analysis in relation to allergic disease within the BAMSE birth cohort – towards an improved diagnostic process , 2004, Allergy.

[320]  L. Shek,et al.  Determination of food specific IgE levels over time can predict the development of tolerance in cow's milk and hen's egg allergy. , 2003, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[321]  A. Heratizadeh,et al.  Late eczematous reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis , 2004, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[322]  C. Bindslev‐Jensen,et al.  Adverse reactions to food. European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Subcommittee. , 1995, Allergy.

[323]  K. Sugai,et al.  Acute allergic reaction due to milk proteins contaminating lactose added to corticosteroid for injection. , 2009, Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology.

[324]  U. Bengtsson,et al.  IgE cross reactivity between reindeer and bovine milk beta-lactoglobulins in cow's milk allergic patients. , 2006, Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology.

[325]  G. Lilja,et al.  A case of allergy to cow's milk hydrolysate , 1999, Allergy.

[326]  P. Calder,et al.  Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions , 2002, British Journal of Nutrition.

[327]  S. Ida,et al.  Cow's milk protein allergy presenting with Hirschsprung's disease-mimicking symptoms. , 2006, Journal of pediatric surgery.

[328]  S. Bahna,et al.  Food hypersensitivity by inhalation , 2009, Clinical and molecular allergy : CMA.

[329]  H. Rabesona,et al.  Assessment of the immunoglobulin E‐mediated immune response to milk‐specific proteins in allergic patients using microarrays , 2008, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[330]  J. Acworth,et al.  Paediatric emergency department anaphylaxis: different patterns from adults , 2005, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[331]  R. Heddle,et al.  Increased intestinal permeability in atopic eczema. , 1986, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[332]  M. Giannì,et al.  Growth Pattern of Breastfed and Nonbreastfed Infants With Atopic Dermatitis in the First Year of Life , 2000, Pediatrics.

[333]  M. Lombardero,et al.  IgE‐mediated anaphylaxis to sheep's and goat's milk , 2002, Allergy.

[334]  W. Walker,et al.  Pathophysiology of intestinal food allergy. , 2002, Advances in pediatrics.

[335]  J. Goldfarb,et al.  The Chinese herbal medicine formula FAHF-2 completely blocks anaphylactic reactions in a murine model of peanut allergy. , 2005, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.

[336]  A. Carroccio,et al.  Review article: chronic constipation and food hypersensitivity – an intriguing relationship , 2006, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[337]  R. Heine Allergic gastrointestinal motility disorders in infancy and early childhood , 2008, Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.

[338]  R. Korpela,et al.  Prediction of the development of tolerance to milk in children with cow's milk hypersensitivity. , 2004, The Journal of pediatrics.

[339]  G. Gasbarrini,et al.  Oral Specific Desensitization in Food-Allergic Children , 2007, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[340]  M. Conley,et al.  Cow's milk allergy in a patient with hyper-IgE syndrome. , 2004, Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology.

[341]  S. Bahna,et al.  Anaphylaxis to casein hydrolysate formula. , 1991, The Journal of pediatrics.

[342]  J. Crane,et al.  Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? , 2006, Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

[343]  Ahindra Ghosh Appendix 2.2 , 2000 .

[344]  H. Sampson,et al.  Dose-response in double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. , 2000, The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.