Numerical prediction of laminar flow and forced convective heat transfer in a helical square duct with a finite pitch

Abstract Fully developed laminar forced convective heat transfer in helical square ducts is studied numerically using a finite-volume method. The H 1 thermal boundary condition is applied. Dean numbers up to 510 and Prandtl numbers between 0.005 and 500 are considered. Correlations for the mean Nusselt number are proposed. For a toroidally curved duct, two solution branches with a two-vortex secondary flow and one branch with a four-vortex flow are detected. The four-vortex solutions give, for high Pr , mean Nusselt numbers up to twice those of the two-vortex solutions. For ducts of small pitch or torsion, the flow and heat transfer characteristics are similar to those of a toroidally curved duct with the same dimensionless curvature

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