Circadian entrainment to red light in Drosophila: requirement of Rhodopsin 1 and Rhodopsin 6

Like most other insects, Drosophila visual system is sensitive to the spectrum of light from ultraviolet to green but is insensitive to red light. The circadian rhythms of Drosophila, however, can be entrained by red light through unknown mechanisms. Here, we discovered the corresponding organ and photopigments responsible for the circadian entrainment of Drosophila to red light from light emitting diode. The entrainment was eliminated by the loss of photic input from compound eyes using eya2 or norpAP24. We also found that the double Rhodopsin 1 (ninaE) and Rhodopsin mutant was not entrained to red light. These results indicate that Drosophila can entrain the circadian rhythm to red light through Rhodopsin 1 and Rhodopsin 6 in compound eyes.

[1]  K. D. Frank,et al.  Action Spectra for Phase Shifts of a Circadiain Rhythm in Drosophila , 1969, Science.

[2]  Behavior in different environments of populations of Drosophila, pseudoobscura selected for phototaxis and geotaxis. , 1974, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  Richard L. Martin,et al.  The Drosophila ninaE gene encodes an opsin , 1985, Cell.

[4]  C. Zuker,et al.  Opsin of Calliphora peripheral photoreceptors R1-6. Homology with Drosophila Rh1 and posttranslational processing. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[5]  Seymour Benzer,et al.  The eyes absent gene: Genetic control of cell survival and differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye , 1993, Cell.

[6]  W. Pak,et al.  Molecular, Biochemical, and Electrophysiological Characterization of Drosophila norpA Mutants (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[7]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  The cryb Mutation Identifies Cryptochrome as a Circadian Photoreceptor in Drosophila , 1998, Cell.

[8]  Armin Huber,et al.  Blue- and Green-Absorbing Visual Pigments ofDrosophila: Ectopic Expression and Physiological Characterization of the R8 Photoreceptor Cell-Specific Rh5 and Rh6 Rhodopsins , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[9]  Takashi Mukai,et al.  Blue InGaN-based laser diodes with an emission wavelength of 450 nm , 2000 .

[10]  L. Chittka,et al.  The evolution of color vision in insects. , 2001, Annual review of entomology.

[11]  Jeffrey C. Hall,et al.  The Circadian Clock of Fruit Flies Is Blind after Elimination of All Known Photoreceptors , 2001, Neuron.

[12]  M. Zordan,et al.  Extra Ocular Photic Entrainment in Drosophila Melanogaster , 2001, Journal of neurogenetics.

[13]  R. Foster,et al.  Photic entrainment of the circadian clock: from Drosophila to mammals. , 2001, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[14]  I. Meinertzhagen,et al.  The Extraretinal Eyelet of Drosophila: Development, Ultrastructure, and Putative Circadian Function , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[15]  C. Helfrich-Förster.  The circadian system of Drosophila melanogaster and its light input pathways. , 2002, Zoology.

[16]  Masayuki Ohara,et al.  Blue Light Inhibits the Growth of B16 Melanoma Cells , 2002, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[17]  Michael Ashburner,et al.  Annotation of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatic genome: a systematic review , 2002, Genome Biology.

[18]  C. Helfrich-Förster,et al.  Cryptochrome, Compound Eyes, Hofbauer-Buchner Eyelets, and Ocelli Play Different Roles in the Entrainment and Masking Pathway of the Locomotor Activity Rhythm in the Fruit Fly Drosophila Melanogaster , 2003, Journal of biological rhythms.

[19]  E. Salcedo,et al.  Molecular Basis for Ultraviolet Vision in Invertebrates , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[20]  Patrick Emery,et al.  Roles of the Two Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME Structural Domains in Circadian Photoreception , 2004, Science.

[21]  Chun-Yuan Ting,et al.  Visual circuit development in Drosophila , 2007, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[22]  R. V. Van Gelder,et al.  Action Spectrum of Drosophila Cryptochrome* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[23]  E. Wolf,et al.  A Novel Photoreaction Mechanism for the Circadian Blue Light Photoreceptor Drosophila Cryptochrome* , 2007, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[24]  P. Taghert,et al.  Organization of the Drosophila Circadian Control Circuit , 2008, Current Biology.