Examination of the effect of the reactive power control of photovoltaic systems on electric power grids and the development of a voltage-regulation method that considers feeder impedance sensitivity

Abstract When relatively high-capacity renewable photovoltaic (PV) systems are connected to a grid, they can increase or decrease the voltage along feeders because of reverse power flow, even exceeding ± five percent of the rated voltage. Nowadays, grid-connected inverter-based PV systems that can control reactive power can alleviate such an increase or decrease in voltage by adjusting the reactive power, which is referred to as Volt/Var control and management. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to (a) perform case studies to analyze the steady-state response of a large distribution network (i.e., with more than 1000 buses) with high-capacity PV systems that can control Volt/Var (i.e., either producing or consuming reactive power) and (b) present a Volt/Var-control method for three-phase voltage regulation that uses the positive-sequence sensitivity impedance matrix with power-factor constraints. This method is verified in the IEEE 34-bus test feeder. Thus, the proposed methods can be used to regulate the voltage of a bus to which a PV system is connected if the system controls reactive power. These proposed methods can also be used for various impact studies for the operation or planning of distribution systems with such PV systems.

[1]  Walmir Freitas,et al.  Method for determining the maximum allowable penetration level of distributed generation without steady-state voltage violations , 2010 .

[2]  I. Roytelman,et al.  Volt/var control algorithm for modern distribution management system , 1995 .

[3]  Farhad Kamyab,et al.  Demand Response Program in Smart Grid Using Supply Function Bidding Mechanism , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[4]  Insu Kim,et al.  Optimal distributed generation allocation for reactive power control , 2017 .

[5]  Dheeman Chatterjee,et al.  Active Power Control of DFIG-Based Wind Farm for Improvement of Transient Stability of Power Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[6]  Taher Niknam,et al.  A new approach based on ant colony algorithm to distribution management system with regard to dispersed generation , 2005 .

[7]  S. Genc,et al.  Look ahead Volt/VAR Control: A comparison of integrated and coordinated methods , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES T&D Conference and Exposition.

[8]  B. A. Souza,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization and Fuzzy Logic Applied to Planning of the Volt/Var Problem in Distributions Systems , 2010 .

[9]  W. H. Kersting.  Radial distribution test feeders , 1991 .

[10]  Lennart Söder,et al.  Distributed generation : a definition , 2001 .

[11]  Maria da Guia da Silva,et al.  Stochastic assessment of the impact of photovoltaic distributed generation on the power quality indices of distribution networks , 2016 .

[12]  J. Driesen,et al.  Distributed generation: challenges and possible solutions , 2006, 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[13]  Dimitrios Stimoniaris,et al.  Improved Energy Storage Management and PV-Active Power Control Infrastructure and Strategies for Microgrids , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[14]  Charlie F. Jack.  Peak Shaving--A Way to Fight Rising Costs , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[15]  S. Sirisumrannukul,et al.  Optimal daily coordination of volt/VAr control devices in distribution systems with distributed generators , 2010, 45th International Universities Power Engineering Conference UPEC2010.

[16]  Ronald G. Harley,et al.  Optimal distributed generation allocation on distribution networks at peak load and the analysis of the impact of volt/var control on the improvement of the voltage profile , 2014, 2014 North American Power Symposium (NAPS).

[17]  L.A.F. Ferreira,et al.  Distributed Reactive Power Generation Control for Voltage Rise Mitigation in Distribution Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[18]  Luis Rouco,et al.  Active Power Control Strategies for Transient Stability Enhancement of AC/DC Grids With VSC-HVDC Multi-Terminal Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[19]  Roger C. Dugan,et al.  Distributed generation , 2002 .

[20]  Mahmoud-Reza Haghifam,et al.  Load management using multi-agent systems in smart distribution network , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[21]  Michael Chertkov,et al.  Options for Control of Reactive Power by Distributed Photovoltaic Generators , 2010, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[22]  V. Ramachandran,et al.  Steady state analysis of high penetration PV on utility distribution feeder , 2012, PES T&D 2012.

[23]  Bakhtyar Hoseinzadeh,et al.  A theoretical bilevel control scheme for power networks with large-scale penetration of distributed renewable resources , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT).

[24]  B. Kroposki,et al.  Steady-State Analysis of Maximum Photovoltaic Penetration Levels on Typical Distribution Feeders , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[25]  Vincenzo Galdi,et al.  Massive data analysis to assess PV/ESS integration in residential unbalanced LV networks to support voltage profiles , 2017 .

[26]  F. Jurado,et al.  Probabilistic load flow for photovoltaic distributed generation using the Cornish–Fisher expansion , 2012 .

[27]  T. K. Saha,et al.  Investigation of Voltage Stability for Residential Customers Due to High Photovoltaic Penetrations , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[28]  D. Shirmohammadi,et al.  A three-phase power flow method for real-time distribution system analysis , 1995 .

[29]  Frank L. Lewis,et al.  Distributed Optimal Active Power Control of Multiple Generation Systems , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[30]  K F Katiraei,et al.  Solar PV Integration Challenges , 2011, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[31]  Haoran Zhao,et al.  Optimal active power control of a wind farm equipped with energy storage system based on distributed model predictive control , 2016 .