A novel nanoporous bismuth electrode sensor for in situ heavy metal detection

Abstract A novel modified nanoporous bismuth electrode (modified-NPBiE) sensor was prepared by consecutive procedures which consist of bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn) electroplating, thermal treatment for alloying Bi-Sn film, and selective chemical dealloying of Sn. The newly prepared modified-NPBiE sensor exhibited improved lifetime (2.7 times longer than a conventional nanoporous Bi-filmed electrode with over 40 repeated measurements) sensor with lower relative standard deviation (RSD), indicating enhanced stability and reproducibility for heavy metal detection. Using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), two noticeable peaks were observed at −0.65 V and −0.45 V associated with stripping currents of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in 0.1 M acetate buffer solution at pH 4.6, respectively. The calibration curves showed strong correlations with respect to various concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+ with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.3 ppb for Cd2+ and 1.5 ppb for Pb2+. The newly modified-NPBiE sensor was then successfully applied for detecting Cd2+ and Pb2+ in a tap water environment and exhibited an acceptable performance for measuring heavy metals with a good reliability.

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