Evaluation of PGC Stationary Phases Under High-Temperature LC Conditions for the Analysis of Parabens in Food Samples

Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns for liquid chromatography (LC) represent an alternative to octadecyl‑bonded silica columns for the separation of both polar and nonpolar molecules. This is accomplished by exploiting the polarizability of the stationary phase interacting with the functional groups of the analytes. However, the elution of nonpolar compounds requires a high percentage of organic solvent, losing the intrinsic advantage of reversed‑phase aqueous separations. In this article, we aimed to exploit an additional advantage of such columns, viz. the resistance at high temperatures. Superheated water was employed as the mobile phase, taking advantage of the decrease in water dielectric constant by increasing the temperature. In this context, our goal was to minimize the percentage of organic solvent utilizing high temperatures (up to 250 °C) to achieve fast and “green” separations. The new developed high-temperature LC instrument was applied to the analysis of parabens in food samples.

[1]  Michael Ye,et al.  Insights into the Shape-Selective Retention Properties of Porous Graphitic Carbon Stationary Phases and Applicability for Polar Compounds , 2023, LCGC North America.

[2]  H. Heymann,et al.  Characterization of Humulus lupulus glycosides with porous graphitic carbon and sequential high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography fractionation. , 2022, Journal of chromatography. A.

[3]  T. Macko,et al.  Porous graphite as platform for the separation and characterization of synthetic polymers - an overview. , 2019, Journal of chromatography. A.

[4]  A. Capriotti,et al.  Identification of bioactive short peptides in cow milk by high-performance liquid chromatography on C18 and porous graphitic carbon coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry , 2019, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[5]  E. Adoamnei,et al.  Urinary concentrations of parabens and reproductive parameters in young men. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  Z. Qiu,et al.  Development and Application of Ultra-High Temperature Drilling Fluids in Offshore Oilfield Around Bohai Sea Bay Basin, China , 2016 .

[7]  T. Grześkowiak,et al.  Determination of Parabens in Polish River and Lake Water as a Function of Season , 2016 .

[8]  John D. Hayler,et al.  A survey of solvent selection guides , 2014 .

[9]  D. Barrett,et al.  Chromatographic retention behaviour of monosubstituted benzene derivatives on porous graphitic carbon and octadecyl-bonded silica studied using molecular modelling and quantitative structure-retention relationships. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[10]  H. Tao,et al.  GC–MS method for the determination of paraben preservatives in the human breast cancerous tissue , 2010 .

[11]  M. Lafosse,et al.  Porous graphitic carbon: a versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[12]  M. Saraji,et al.  Single-drop microextraction followed by in-syringe derivatization and GC-MS detection for the determination of parabens in water and cosmetic products. , 2009, Journal of separation science.

[13]  T. Veenstra,et al.  Separation, detection and quantitation of peptides by liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[14]  S. Heinisch,et al.  Sense and nonsense of high-temperature liquid chromatography. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[15]  P. Darbre,et al.  Paraben esters: review of recent studies of endocrine toxicity, absorption, esterase and human exposure, and discussion of potential human health risks , 2008, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[16]  L. Pereira.  Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase in HPLC: Theory and Applications , 2008 .

[17]  Roger M. Smith.  Superheated water chromatography--a green technology for the future. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[18]  M. Lafosse,et al.  Analysis of triacylglycerols on porous graphitic carbon by high temperature liquid chromatography. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. A.

[19]  L. Mondello,et al.  Superheated water as chromatographic eluent for parabens separation on octadecyl coated zirconia stationary phase. , 2007, Journal of separation science.

[20]  Roger M. Smith,et al.  On-line coupled extraction and separation using superheated water for the analysis of triazine herbicides in spiked compost samples. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[21]  S. Oishi.  Lack of spermatotoxic effects of methyl and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in rats. , 2004, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[22]  S. Oishi.  Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. , 2002, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[23]  J. Antignac,et al.  Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of 11 glucocorticoid residues and an optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions in bovine liver , 2002 .

[24]  P. Dasgupta,et al.  Superheated water eluent capillary liquid chromatography. , 2002, Talanta.

[25]  G. S. Pope,et al.  Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells , 2002, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[26]  I. Kano,et al.  ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR. , 2001, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[27]  T. Benvegnu,et al.  Liquid chromatography of polyglycerol fatty esters and fatty ethers on porous graphitic carbon and octadecyl silica by using evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometry. , 2001, Journal of chromatography. A.

[28]  J Ashby,et al.  Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. , 1998, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[29]  H. M. Maher,et al.  Quantitative screening of parabens in Ready-to-eat foodstuffs available in the Saudi market using high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection , 2020 .

[30]  G. S. Pope,et al.  Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours , 2004, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.

[31]  P. Harvey,et al.  Significance of the detection of esters of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) in human breast tumours , 2004, Journal of applied toxicology : JAT.