Spatially Resolved Millimeter Interferometry of SMM J02399–0136: A Very Massive Galaxy at z = 2.8

We report high-resolution millimeter mapping with the IRAM Plateau de Bure interferometer of rest-frame 335 ?m continuum and CO (3-2) line emission from the z = 2.8 submillimeter galaxy SMM J02399-0136. The continuum emission comes from a ~3'' diameter structure whose elongation is approximately east-west and whose centroid is coincident within the astrometric errors with the brightest X-ray and rest-UV peak (L1). The line data show that this structure is most likely a rapidly rotating disk. Its rotation velocity of ?420 km s-1 implies a total dynamical mass of ?3 ? 1011 sin?2 i h M? within an intrinsic radius of 8 h kpc, most of which is plausibly in the form of stars and gas. SMM J02399-0136 is thus a very massive system, whose formation at z ~ 3 is not easy to understand in current cold dark matter hierarchical merger cosmogonies.

[1]  E. Salpeter.  The Luminosity function and stellar evolution , 1955 .

[2]  The nature of high-redshift galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9806228.

[3]  Omar Almaini,et al.  Deep radio imaging of the SCUBA 8-mJy survey fields: submillimetre source identifications and redshift distribution , 2002 .

[4]  D. Elbaz,et al.  ISOCAM Mid-InfraRed Detection of HR 10: A Distant Clone of Arp 220 at z=1.44 , 2001, astro-ph/0111243.

[5]  Simon J. E. Radford,et al.  The Molecular Interstellar Medium in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies , 1996, astro-ph/9610166.

[6]  C. Carilli,et al.  Properties of Millimeter Galaxies: Constraints from K-Band Blank Fields , 2002, astro-ph/0201104.

[7]  I. Smail,et al.  A Deep Submillimeter Survey of Lensing Clusters: A New Window on Galaxy Formation and Evolution , 1997, astro-ph/9708135.

[8]  Molecular Gas and Dust at z = 2.6 in SMM J14011+0252: A Strongly Lensed Ultraluminous Galaxy, Not a Huge Massive Disk , 2002, astro-ph/0210040.

[9]  P. P. van der Werf,et al.  CO (4-3) and Dust Emission in Two Powerful High-z Radio Galaxies, and CO Lines at High Redshifts , 1999, astro-ph/9908286.

[10]  Joel Vernet,et al.  Investigating the nature of the $\mathsf {\vec z}\simeq\mathsf {2.8}$ submillimeter selected galaxy SMM J02399-0136 with VLT spectropolarimetry , 2001 .

[11]  A. Bertarini,et al.  WIDE FIELD IMAGING AT 250 GHZ , 2001 .

[12]  Cambridge,et al.  Molecular Gas in the Z = 2.8 Submillimeter Galaxy SMM 02399-0136 , 1998 .

[13]  Hilo,et al.  Unveiling Dust-enshrouded Star Formation in the Early Universe: a Sub-mm Survey of the Hubble Deep Field , 1998, astro-ph/9806297.

[14]  J. Kneib,et al.  Submillimeter Galaxies , 2002, astro-ph/0202228.

[15]  M. Giavalisco,et al.  The Rest-Frame Optical Properties of z ≃ 3 Galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0107324.

[16]  U. Berkeley,et al.  Extragalactic Results from the Infrared Space Observatory , 2000, astro-ph/0002184.

[17]  C. Baugh,et al.  Hierarchical galaxy formation , 2000, astro-ph/0007281.

[18]  J. Mangum,et al.  Imaging at Radio through Submillimeter Wavelengths , 1999 .

[19]  E. L. Wright,et al.  The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Search for the Cosmic Infrared Background. I. Limits and Detections , 1998, astro-ph/9806167.

[20]  S. M. Fall,et al.  Cosmic Histories of Stars, Gas, Heavy Elements, and Dust in Galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9812182.

[21]  T. Heckman,et al.  Absorption-Line Probes of Gas and Dust in Galactic Superwinds , 2000, astro-ph/0002526.

[22]  J. Dunlop,et al.  High-redshift star formation in the Hubble Deep Field revealed by a submillimetre-wavelength survey , 1998, Nature.

[23]  Glenn E. Miller,et al.  The Initial mass function and stellar birthrate in the solar neighborhood , 1979 .

[24]  H. Aussel,et al.  ISOCAM observations of the very deep IRAS 60 micron sample in the NEP region ? I. The data , 2000 .

[25]  D. B. Sanders,et al.  Resolving the Submillimeter Background: The 850 Micron Galaxy Counts , 1999, astro-ph/9904126.

[26]  P. Solomon,et al.  Rotating Nuclear Rings and Extreme Starbursts in Ultraluminous Galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9806377.

[27]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  The nature of faint submillimetre-selected galaxies , 2001 .

[28]  I. Smail,et al.  Molecular Gas in the z = 2.565 Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J14011+0252 , 1999 .

[29]  D. Kunze,et al.  What Powers Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies? , 1997, astro-ph/9711255.

[30]  Guinevere Kauffmann,et al.  Clustering of galaxies in a hierarchical universe - I. Methods and results at z=0 , 1999 .

[31]  R. Ellis,et al.  The 2dF galaxy redshift survey: near-infrared galaxy luminosity functions , 2000, astro-ph/0012429.

[32]  Jean-Paul Kneib,et al.  Locating the Starburst in the SCUBA Galaxy SMM J14011+0252 , 2001 .

[33]  M. Hawkins,et al.  THE SPACE DENSITY OF QUASARS AT Z > 4 , 1996 .

[34]  Max Pettini Alice E. Shapley Charles C. Steidel Jean-G Giavalisco.  The Rest-Frame Optical Spectra of Lyman Break Galaxies: Star Formation, Extinction, Abundances, and Kinematics* , 2001 .

[35]  T. Miyaji,et al.  Soft X-ray AGN Luminosity Function from ROSAT Surveys II. Table of the binned Soft X-ray Luminosity Function , 2001, astro-ph/0101279.

[36]  N. Scoville,et al.  High-Resolution CO Observations of Luminous Infrared Galaxies , 1999 .

[37]  Rob Ivison,et al.  A hyperluminous galaxy at z = 2.8 found in a deep submillimetre survey , 1997, astro-ph/9712161.

[38]  Henry C. Ferguson,et al.  Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 19/02/01 THE STELLAR POPULATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF LYMAN BREAK GALAXIES 1 , 2001 .

[39]  C. Bennett,et al.  The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Far-Infrared Background from the COBE FIRAS Observations , 1998, astro-ph/9803021.

[40]  H. Aussel,et al.  Kinematics of Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field-South: Discovery of a Very Massive Spiral Galaxy at z = 0.6 , 2002, astro-ph/0207457.

[41]  Durham,et al.  What Shapes the Luminosity Function of Galaxies? , 2003, astro-ph/0302450.

[42]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  Radio Constraints on the Identifications and Redshifts of Submillimeter Galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9907083.

[43]  G. Hasinger,et al.  Testing current synthesis models of the X-ray background , 2000, astro-ph/0011341.

[44]  M. S. Oey,et al.  Atlas of quasar energy distributions , 1994 .

[45]  J. Silk,et al.  Abundance and Evolution of Quasars in Cold Dark Matter Models , 1993 .

[46]  W. N. Brandt,et al.  Detection of X-Ray Emission from Gravitationally Lensed Submillimeter Sources in the Field of Abell 370 , 2000 .

[47]  STAR FORMATION IN GALAXIES ALONG THE HUBBLE SEQUENCE , 1998, astro-ph/9807187.

[48]  R. Kennicutt.  The Rate of star formation in normal disk galaxies , 1983 .

[49]  D. Sanders,et al.  LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES , 1996 .

[50]  Guinevere Kauffmann,et al.  The K-band luminosity function at z = 1: a powerful constraint on galaxy formation theory , 1998 .

[51]  C. Keeton.  Cold Dark Matter and Strong Gravitational Lensing: Concord or Conflict? , 2001 .

[52]  D. Clements,et al.  The SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey — I. First measurements of the submillimetre luminosity and dust mass functions , 2000, astro-ph/0002234.

[53]  Properties of dark matter haloes , 2002, astro-ph/0206126.

[54]  On the continuous formation of field spheroidal galaxies in hierarchical models of structure formation , 2001, astro-ph/0110387.