Development of Three‐Dimensional Hydrostratigraphical Architecture of the Unsaturated Zone Based on Soft and Hard Data

Three‐dimensional geological maps that include the hydrostratigraphical heterogeneity and depositional architecture of the natural formation are needed in hydrogeology to understand flow and transport. This paper presents a practical procedure for the generation of such maps. The method includes multiple indicator kriging, where the estimation of the structural architecture is conditioned on ground penetrating radar data. Physical core samples are used as tie points. This study utilizes data obtained from the unsaturated zone of a highly heterogeneous, glaciofluvial delta formation in Norway.

[1]  J. P. Delhomme,et al.  Spatial variability and uncertainty in groundwater flow parameters: A geostatistical approach , 1979 .

[2]  Peter F. Ulriksen,et al.  Application of impulse radar to civil engineering , 1982 .

[3]  C. Axness,et al.  Three‐dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers , 1983 .

[4]  A. Journel.  Nonparametric estimation of spatial distributions , 1983 .

[5]  Lynn W. Gelhar,et al.  Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to applications , 1986 .

[6]  A. P. Annan,et al.  Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy , 1989 .

[7]  George Vellidis,et al.  Detecting wetting front movement in a sandy soil with ground-penetrating radar , 1990 .

[8]  F. P. Haeni,et al.  Application of Ground‐Penetrating‐Radar Methods in Hydrogeologie Studies , 1991 .

[9]  D. L. Thomas,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS IN A SANDY SOIL USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR , 1992 .

[10]  Short‐pulse radar detection of groundwater in the Sagavanirktok River Floodplain in early spring , 1992 .

[11]  M. P. Grasmück.  Beispiele zur Anwendung von Georadar in der Quartärgeologie , 1992 .

[12]  M. Hardisky,et al.  A Ground-Penetrating Radar Study of Goodream Palsas, Newfoundland, Canada , 1992, Arctic and Alpine Research.

[13]  J. Bridge,et al.  Ground penetrating radar: application to sandbody geometry and heterogeneity studies , 1993, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[14]  P. Huggenberger,et al.  Ground-probing radar as a tool for heterogeneity estimation in gravel deposits: advances in data-processing and facies analysis , 1994 .

[15]  S. Gorelick,et al.  Heterogeneity in Sedimentary Deposits: A Review of Structure‐Imitating, Process‐Imitating, and Descriptive Approaches , 1996 .