The Type Ib SN 1999dn: one year of photometric and spectroscopic monitoring

Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the Type Ib supernova (SNIb) 1999dn are presented, covering the first year after explosion. These new data turn this object, already considered a prototypical SNIb, into one of the best observed objects of its class. The light curve of SN 1999dn is mostly similar in shape to that of other SNeIb but with a moderately faint peak (M v = —17.2mag). From the bolometric light curve and ejecta expansion velocities, we estimate that about 0.11 M ⊙ of 56 Ni were produced during the explosion and that the total ejecta mass was 4―6 M ⊙ with a kinetic energy of at least 5 x 10 51 erg. The spectra of SN 1999dn at various epochs are similar to those of other stripped envelope SNe showing clear presence of H at early epochs. The high explosion energy and ejected mass, along with the small flux ratio [Ca II]/[I I] measured in the nebular spectrum, together with the lack of signatures of dust formation and the moderate metallicity environment is not inconsistent with a single massive progenitor (M ZAMS ≥ 23-25 M ⊙ ) for SN 1999dn.

[1]  Warren R. Brown,et al.  FROM SHOCK BREAKOUT TO PEAK AND BEYOND: EXTENSIVE PANCHROMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE TYPE Ib SUPERNOVA 2008D ASSOCIATED WITH SWIFT X-RAY TRANSIENT 080109 , 2008, 0805.2201.

[2]  Thomas Matheson,et al.  The Type Ic Supernova 1994I in M51: Detection of Helium and Spectral Evolution , 1995 .

[3]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  SN 2003lw and GRB 031203: A Bright Supernova for a Faint Gamma-Ray Burst , 2004, astro-ph/0405449.

[4]  E. Ofek,et al.  The Type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution , 2008, 0805.1914.

[5]  E. Ofek,et al.  An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova , 2008, Nature.

[6]  C. Stubbs,et al.  Optical Photometry of the Type Ia Supernova 1999ee and the Type Ib/c Supernova 1999ex in IC 5179 , 2002, astro-ph/0206438.

[7]  Mohan Ganeshalingam,et al.  Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample , 2010, 1006.4612.

[8]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[9]  S. E. Woosley,et al.  How Massive Single Stars End Their Life , 2003 .

[10]  Robert P. Kirshner,et al.  Using Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis to Determine the Properties and Distances of Type II Plateau Supernovae: SN 2005cs and SN 2006bp , 2007, 0711.1815.

[11]  R. Chevalier,et al.  Late emission from supernovae - A window on stellar nucleosynthesis , 1989 .

[12]  E. O. Ofek,et al.  The Broad-lined Type Ic SN 2003jd , 2007, 0710.5173.

[13]  A. Soderberg,et al.  TYPE IIb SUPERNOVAE WITH COMPACT AND EXTENDED PROGENITORS , 2009, 0911.3408.

[14]  Nicholas B. Suntzeff,et al.  SN 2005bf: A Possible Transition Event between Type Ib/c Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts , 2005, astro-ph/0509731.

[15]  A search for core-collapse supernova progenitors in Hubble Space Telescope images , 2002, astro-ph/0210347.

[16]  Thomas Matheson,et al.  Optical Spectroscopy of Type Ib/c Supernovae , 2001, astro-ph/0101119.

[17]  D. Branch,et al.  Spectrum Analysis of the Type Ib Supernova SN 1999dn: Probable Identifications of C II and Hα , 2000, astro-ph/0005298.

[18]  R. Foley,et al.  THE TRANSITIONAL STRIPPED-ENVELOPE SN 2008ax: SPECTRAL EVOLUTION AND EVIDENCE FOR LARGE ASPHERICITY , 2010, 1001.2775.

[19]  W. Arnett.  Type I supernovae. I. Analytic solutions for the early part of the light curve , 1982 .

[20]  D. Branch,et al.  Detailed Spectral Analysis of the Type Ib Supernova 1999dn. I. Hydrogen-free Models , 2007, 0705.4086.

[21]  A. Pastorello,et al.  SN 2004aw: confirming diversity of Type Ic supernovae , 2006 .

[22]  M. C. Begam,et al.  An unusual supernova in the error box of the γ-ray burst of 25 April 1998 , 1998, Nature.

[23]  S. Woosley,et al.  Type Ib and Ic Supernovae: Models and Spectra , 1997 .

[24]  Rolf Walder,et al.  The different progenitors of type Ib, Ic SNe, and of GRB , 2009, 0906.2284.

[25]  A. Pastorello,et al.  The Carbon-rich Type Ic SN 2007gr: The Photospheric Phase , 2007, 0712.1899.

[26]  J. Wheeler,et al.  On the Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae , 1997 .

[27]  D. A. Kann,et al.  An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218 , 2006, Nature.

[28]  Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 1999ee and SN 1999ex , 2002, astro-ph/0203491.

[29]  Arlo U. Landolt,et al.  UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars in the Magnitude Range 11 , 1992 .

[30]  S. Woosley,et al.  TYPE Ib/c SUPERNOVAE IN BINARY SYSTEMS. I. EVOLUTION AND PROPERTIES OF THE PROGENITOR STARS , 2010, 1004.0843.

[31]  R. McCray,et al.  Supernova 1987A : 20 years after : Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters : Aspen, Colorado, 19-23 February 2007 , 2007 .

[32]  M. Asplund,et al.  The chemical composition of the Sun , 2009, 0909.0948.

[33]  Michael W. Richmond,et al.  UBVRI Photometry of SN 1993J in M81: Days 3 to 365 , 1996 .

[34]  Ricardo Covarrubias,et al.  THE HE-RICH CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA 2007Y: OBSERVATIONS FROM X-RAY TO RADIO WAVELENGTHS , 2009, 0902.0609.

[35]  D. Kasen,et al.  Direct Analysis of Spectra of Type Ib Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/0106367.

[36]  P. Brown,et al.  MULTI-WAVELENGTH PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE IIb SN 2008ax , 2009, 0909.0967.

[37]  M. C. Begam,et al.  Discovery of the peculiar supernova 1998bw in the error box of GRB 980425 , 1998, astro-ph/9806175.

[38]  E. Baron,et al.  SEARCHING FOR HYDROGEN IN TYPE Ib SUPERNOVAE , 2010, 1006.1359.

[39]  P. Crowther,et al.  Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars , 2006, astro-ph/0610356.

[40]  D. Branch,et al.  Absolute Magnitude Distributions and Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae , 2004, astro-ph/0601136.

[41]  P. Berlind,et al.  Early-Time Photometry and Spectroscopy of the Fast Evolving SN 2006aj Associated with GRB 060218 , 2006 .

[42]  M. Turatto,et al.  Early-type galaxies with core collapse supernovae , 2008, 0806.4269.

[43]  A. Pastorello,et al.  Nebular emission-line profiles of Type Ib/c supernovae - Probing the ejecta asphericity , 2009, 0904.4632.

[44]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[45]  Ulrich Hopp,et al.  Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the nearby, narrow-lined type Ic SN 2007gr : days 5 to 415 , 2009, 0909.3780.

[46]  M. Turatto,et al.  SN Ib 1990I: Clumping and dust in the ejecta? , 2004, astro-ph/0407145.

[47]  Chien Y. Peng,et al.  UBVRI Photometry of the Type IC SN 1994I in M51 , 1996 .

[48]  Alejandro Clocchiatti,et al.  SN 1994I: Disentangling He i Lines in Type IC Supernovae , 1996 .

[49]  A. V. Filippenko,et al.  The Environments of Supernovae in Post-Refurbishment Hubble Space Telescope Images* , 1999, astro-ph/9907252.

[50]  Bruno Leibundgut,et al.  From twilight to highlight : the physics of supernovae : proceedings of the ESO/MPA/MPE workshop held at Garching, Germany, 29-31 July 2002 , 2002 .

[51]  L. A. Antonelli,et al.  The Metamorphosis of Supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: A Link Between Supernovae and GRBs/Hypernovae , 2008, Science.

[52]  E. Rol,et al.  On the Afterglow of the X-Ray Flash of 2003 July 23: Photometric Evidence for an Off-Axis Gamma-Ray Burst with an Associated Supernova?* , 2004 .

[53]  L. Kewley,et al.  PROGENITOR DIAGNOSTICS FOR STRIPPED CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE: MEASURED METALLICITIES AT EXPLOSION SITES , 2010, 1007.0661.

[54]  A. V. Filippenko,et al.  THE IMPORTANCE OF ATMOSPHERIC DIFFERENTIAL REFRACTION IN SPECTROPHOTOMETRY. , 1982 .

[55]  R. Chevalier,et al.  Late emission from SN 1987A , 1987 .

[56]  M. Skrutskie,et al.  The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) , 2006 .

[57]  M. Turatto,et al.  Variety in Supernovae , 2002 .

[58]  J. P. Huchra,et al.  Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant , 1998, astro-ph/9801080.

[59]  J. C. Wheeler,et al.  Models for Type I supernovae - Partially incinerated white dwarfs , 1984 .

[60]  Max Pettini,et al.  [O III] / [N II] as an abundance indicator at high redshift , 2004, astro-ph/0401128.

[61]  J. Anderson,et al.  Constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors from correlations with Hα emission , 2008, 0809.0236.

[62]  J. Wheeler,et al.  The peculiar type I supernova in NGC 991. , 1985 .

[63]  Á. López-Sánchez,et al.  Massive star formation in Wolf-Rayet galaxies - III. Analysis of the O and WR populations , 2010, 1004.0051.

[64]  K. Pedersen,et al.  A very energetic supernova associated with the γ-ray burst of 29 March 2003 , 2003, Nature.

[65]  A. Pastorello,et al.  ESC* supernova spectroscopy of non-ESC targets , 2008, 0804.1939.

[66]  L. Ramsey,et al.  NGC 7714 - The prototype star-burst galactic nucleus , 1981 .