The SIMPLE Phase II Dark Matter Search

Phase II of SIMPLE (Superheated Instrument for Massive ParticLe Experiments) searched for astroparticle dark matter using superheated liquid C 2 ClF 5 droplet detectors. Each droplet generally requires an energy deposition with linear energy transfer (LET) ≳ 150 keV / μ m for a liquid-to-gas phase transition, providing an intrinsic rejection against minimum ionizing particles of order 10 − 10 , and reducing the backgrounds to primarily α and neutron-induced recoil events. The droplet phase transition generates a millimetric-sized gas bubble that is recorded by acoustic means. We describe the SIMPLE detectors, their acoustic instrumentation, and the characterizations, signal analysis and data selection, which yield a particle-induced, “true nucleation” event detection efficiency of better than 97% at a 95% C.L. The recoil- α event discrimination, determined using detectors first irradiated with neutrons and then doped with alpha emitters, provides a recoil identification of better than 99%; it differs from those of COUPP and PICASSO primarily as a result of their different liquids with lower critical LETs. The science measurements, comprising two shielded arrays of fifteen detectors each and a total exposure of 27.77 kgd, are detailed. Removal of the 1.94 kgd Stage 1 installation period data, which had previously been mistakenly included in the data, reduces the science exposure from 20.18 to 18.24 kgd and provides new contour minima of σ p = 4.3 × 10 − 3 pb at 35 GeV / c 2 in the spin-dependent sector of astroparticle dark matter–proton interactions and σ N = 3.6 × 10 − 6 pb at 35 GeV / c 2 in the spin-independent sector. These results are examined with respect to the fluorine spin and halo parameters used in the previous data analysis.