The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: the physiological and molecular background

AGPase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase GS, glutamine synthetase GOGAT, glutamate : oxoglutarate amino transferase NADP-ICDH, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase NR, nitrate reductase OPPP, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway 3PGA, glycerate-3-phosphate PEPCase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Rubisco, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase SPS, sucrose phosphate-synthase This review first summarizes the numerous studies that have described the interaction between the nitrogen supply and the response of photosynthesis, metabolism and growth to elevated [CO2]. The initial stimulation of photosynthesis in elevated [CO2] is often followed by a decline of photosynthesis, that is typically accompanied by a decrease of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), an accumulation of carbohydrate especially starch, and a decrease of the nitrogen concentration in the plant. These changes are particularly marked when the nitrogen supply is low, whereas when the nitrogen supply is adequate there is no acclimation of photosynthesis, no major decrease in the internal concentration of nitrogen or the levels of nitrogen metabolites, and growth is stimulated markedly. Second, emerging evidence is discussed that signals derived from nitrate and nitrogen metabolites such as glutamine act to regulate the expression of genes involved in nitrate and ammonium uptake and assimilation, organic acid synthesis and starch accumulation, to modulate the sugar-mediated repression of the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis, and to modulate whole plant events including shoot–root allocation, root architecture and flowering. Third, increased rates of growth in elevated [CO2] will require higher rates of inorganic nitrogen uptake and assimilation. Recent evidence is discussed that an increased supply of sugars can increase the rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake and assimilation, the synthesis of organic acid acceptors, and the synthesis of amino acids. Fourth, interpretation of experiments in elevated [CO2] requires that the nitrogen status of the plants is monitored. The suitability of different criteria to assess the plant nitrogen status is critically discussed. Finally the review returns to experiments with elevated [CO2] and discusses the following topics: is, and if so how, are nitrate and ammonium uptake and metabolism stimulated in elevated [CO2], and does the result depend on the nitrogen supply? Is acclimation of photosynthesis the result of sugar-mediated repression of gene expression, end-product feedback of photosynthesis, nitrogen-induced senescence, or ontogenetic drift? Is the accumulation of starch a passive response to increased carbohydrate formation, or is it triggered by changes in the nutrient status? How do changes in sugar production and inorganic nitrogen assimilation interact in different conditions and at different stages of the life history to determine the response of whole plant growth and allocation to elevated [CO2]?

[1]  W. Frommer,et al.  Systemic Acquired Resistance Mediated by the Ectopic Expression of Invertase: Possible Hexose Sensing in the Secretory Pathway. , 1996, The Plant cell.

[2]  B. André,et al.  Amino acid transport in plants , 1998 .

[3]  Dale W. Johnson,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen on nutrient uptake in ponderosa pine seedlings , 1995 .

[4]  N. Yamamoto,et al.  Does Decrease in Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase by Antisense RbcS Lead to a Higher N-Use Efficiency of Photosynthesis under Conditions of Saturating CO2 and Light in Rice Plants? , 1997, Plant physiology.

[5]  L. Saker,et al.  Nutrient Supply and the Growth of the Seminal Root System in Barley III. COMPENSATORY INCREASES IN GROWTH OF LATERAL ROOTS, AND IN RATES OF PHOSPHATE UPTAKE, IN RESPONSE TO A LOCALIZED SUPPLY OF PHOSPHATE , 1978 .

[6]  N. Crawford,et al.  CHL1 encodes a component of the low-affinity nitrate uptake system in Arabidopsis and shows cell type-specific expression in roots. , 1996, The Plant cell.

[7]  B. Sugiharto,et al.  Glutamine Induces the N-Dependent Accumulation of mRNAs Encoding Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Carbonic Anhydrase in Detached Maize Leaf Tissue. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[8]  I. Terashima,et al.  Effects of Light and Nitrogen Nutrition on the Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Spinach , 1988 .

[9]  T. Chiou,et al.  Sucrose is a signal molecule in assimilate partitioning. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  D. Turpin,et al.  Evidence for Activation of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway during Photosynthetic Assimilation of NO(3) but Not NH(4) by a Green Alga. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[11]  U. Wobus,et al.  Sugar import and metabolism during seed development , 1997 .

[12]  M. Stitt,et al.  Does Rubisco control the rate of photosynthesis and plant growth? An exercise in molecular ecophysiology , 1994 .

[13]  R. Travis,et al.  Comparative kinetics and reciprocal inhibition of nitrate and nitrite uptake in roots of uninduced and induced barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[14]  T. Ingestad.  A shift of paradigm is needed in plant science , 1997 .

[15]  M. Badger,et al.  Effects of Ambient CO2 Concentration on Growth and Nitrogen Use in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Plants Transformed with an Antisense Gene to the Small Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase , 1993, Plant physiology.

[16]  C. Foyer,et al.  Modulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and of nitrate reductase, in untransformed and transformed Nicotiana plumbaginifolia during CO2 enrichment of plants grown in pots and in hydroponic culture , 1997, Planta.

[17]  M. Stitt,et al.  Expression Studies of Nrt2-1np, a Putative High-Affinity Nitrate Transporter - Evidence for Its Role in Nitrate Uptake , 1998 .

[18]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Interacting effects of CO2 concentration, temperature and nitrogen supply on the photosynthesis and composition of winter wheat leaves , 1994 .

[19]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Low CO(2) Prevents Nitrate Reduction in Leaves. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[20]  A. Smith,et al.  Isolation and Sequencing of Tomato Fruit Sucrose Synthase cDNA , 1993, Plant physiology.

[21]  R. Besford,et al.  The Greenhouse Effect: Acclimation of Tomato Plants Growing in High CO2, Photosynthesis and Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Protein , 1990 .

[22]  H. Sakakibara,et al.  A response-regulator homologue possibly involved in nitrogen signal transduction mediated by cytokinin in maize. , 1998, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[23]  H. Mooney,et al.  Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild‐type and in starch‐deficient and nitrate‐uptake‐deficient mutants , 1994 .

[24]  R. L. Warner,et al.  Nitrate transport is independent of NADH and NAD(P)H nitrate reductases in barley seedlings. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[25]  P. Benfey,et al.  The SCARECROW Gene Regulates an Asymmetric Cell Division That Is Essential for Generating the Radial Organization of the Arabidopsis Root , 1996, Cell.

[26]  K. Koch.  CARBOHYDRATE-MODULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN PLANTS. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[27]  S. Chasalow,et al.  Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil water availability on root biomass, root length, and N, P and K uptake by wheat , 1997 .

[28]  F. Daniel-Vedele,et al.  Nitrate transport: a key step in nitrate assimilation. , 1998, Current opinion in plant biology.

[29]  E. Schulze,et al.  Enhanced carbon dioxide leads to a modified diurnal rhythm of nitrate reductase activity in older plants, and a large stimulation of nitrate reductase activity and higher levels of amino acids in young tobacco plants , 1998 .

[30]  J. B. Brown,et al.  5[prime] Proximal Regions of Arabidopsis Nitrate Reductase Genes Direct Nitrate-Induced Transcription in Transgenic Tobacco , 1994, Plant physiology.

[31]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Feedback limitation of photosynthesis of Phaseolus vulgaris L grown in elevated CO2 , 1993 .

[32]  T. Sun,et al.  The Arabidopsis RGA Gene Encodes a Transcriptional Regulator Repressing the Gibberellin Signal Transduction Pathway , 1998, Plant Cell.

[33]  S. Caporn,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and photosynthesis of two upland perennials: Calluna vulgaris and Pteridium aquilinum , 1997 .

[34]  C. Tsai,et al.  Source Strength Regulates an Early Phase Transition of Tobacco Shoot Morphogenesis , 1997, Plant physiology.

[35]  G. Marzluf.  Regulation of sulfur and nitrogen metabolism in filamentous fungi. , 1993, Annual review of microbiology.

[36]  I. Suzuki,et al.  Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Nitrogen-Responding Expression of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene in Maize , 1994, Plant physiology.

[37]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Regulation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activity in Response to Light Intensity and CO(2) in the C(3) Annuals Chenopodium album L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[38]  M. Caboche,et al.  Molecular analysis of nitrate assimilation in higher plants , 1996 .

[39]  C. Larsson,et al.  Nitrate-regulated growth and cytokinin responses in seminal roots of barley. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[40]  M. Caboche,et al.  Nitrite reductase expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level by the nitrogen source in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and Arabidopsis thaliana. , 1997, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[41]  L. Willmitzer,et al.  Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Cytosolic NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from Potato (Implications for Nitrogen Metabolism) , 1995, Plant physiology.

[42]  W. Frommer,et al.  Evidence for an essential role of the sucrose transporter in phloem loading and assimilate partitioning. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[43]  G. Sawers,et al.  Nitrate repression of the Escherichia coli pfl operon is mediated by the dual sensors NarQ and NarX and the dual regulators NarL and NarP , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[44]  A. Brooks.  Effects of Phosphorus Nutrition on Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase Activation, Photosynthetic Quantum Yield and Amounts of Some Calvin-Cycle Metabolites in Spinach Leaves , 1986 .

[45]  B. Muller,et al.  Inhibition of NO⊟3 Uptake by Various Phloem-Translocated Amino Acids in Soybean Seedlings , 1992 .

[46]  M. Paul,et al.  Sugar repression of photosynthesis: the role of carbohydrates in signalling nitrogen deficiency through source:sink imbalance , 1997 .

[47]  G. Marzluf,et al.  Genetic regulation of nitrogen metabolism in the fungi , 1997, Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR.

[48]  H. Rogers,et al.  Elevated atmospheric CO2 differentially affects needle chloroplast ultrastructure and phloem anatomy in Pinus palustris: interactions with soil resource availability , 1997 .

[49]  P. Pinter,et al.  Effects of free‐air CO2 enrichment on the development of the photosynthetic apparatus in wheat, as indicated by changes in leaf proteins , 1995 .

[50]  S. Rothstein,et al.  Regulation of the Accumulation and Reduction of Nitrate by Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolites in Maize Seedlings , 1997, Plant physiology.

[51]  D. Turpin,et al.  Integration of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Plant and Algal Cells , 1994 .

[52]  Chi-Lien Cheng,et al.  Sucrose mimics the light induction of Arabidopsis nitrate reductase gene transcription. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  T. Mizuno,et al.  Expression of Arabidopsis response regulator homologs is induced by cytokinins and nitrate , 1998, FEBS letters.

[54]  S. Huber,et al.  Regulation of photosynthesis by end-product accumulation in leaves of plants storing starch, sucrose, and hexose sugars. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[55]  P. Jarvis,et al.  The Direct Effects of Increase in the Global Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Natural and Commercial Temperate Trees and Forests , 1989 .

[56]  H. Marschner.  Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants , 1988 .

[57]  M. Vincentz,et al.  Regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase expression in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia leaves by nitrogen and carbon metabolites. , 1993, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[58]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Correlation between apparent activation state of nitrate reductase (NR), NR hysteresis and degradation of NR protein , 1997 .

[59]  C. Körner,et al.  CO2 responsiveness of plants: a possible link to phloem loading , 1995 .

[60]  F. I. Woodward,et al.  CO2 enrichment responses of wheat: interactions with temperature, nitrate and phosphate , 1994 .

[61]  J. Sheen,et al.  Sugar sensing in higher plants , 1997 .

[62]  R. Mitchell,et al.  Effects of increased CO2 concentration and temperature on growth and yield of winter wheat at two levels of nitrogen application , 1993 .

[63]  J. Wray.  Molecular biology, genetics and regulation of nitrite reduction in higher plants , 1993 .

[64]  L. Natr,et al.  Chloroplast ultrastructure of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivated in normal and elevated CO2 concentrations with two contrasted nitrogen supplies , 1995 .

[65]  W. Arp.  Effects of source‐sink relations on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 , 1991 .

[66]  J. Radin,et al.  GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURED RADISH ROOTS , 1972 .

[67]  D. Francis,et al.  Effects of temperature and elevated CO2 on cell division in shoot meristems: differential responses of two natural populations of Dactylis glomerata L. , 1996 .

[68]  C. Raper,et al.  Proliferation of maize (Zea mays L.) roots in response to localized supply of nitrate. , 1989, Journal of experimental botany.

[69]  D. Clarkson,et al.  Nitrate and ammonium nutrition of plants: physiological and molecular perspectives , 1999 .

[70]  J. Roy,et al.  Growth response of grasses to elevated CO2: a physiological plurispecific analysis , 1996 .

[71]  R. Morcuende,et al.  Long‐ and short‐term responses of leaf carbohydrate levels and photosynthesis to decreased sink demand in soybean , 1996 .

[72]  T. Roitsch,et al.  Induction of Apoplastic Invertase of Chenopodium rubrum by D-Glucose and a Glucose Analog and Tissue-Specific Expression Suggest a Role in Sink-Source Regulation , 1995, Plant physiology.

[73]  M. Vincentz,et al.  Adaptations of Photosynthetic Electron Transport, Carbon Assimilation, and Carbon Partitioning in Transgenic Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Plants to Changes in Nitrate Reductase Activity , 1994, Plant physiology.

[74]  Susan J. Smith,et al.  Remobilisation of vacuolar stored nitrate in barley root cells , 1998, Planta.

[75]  P. Raymond,et al.  Metabolic regulation of asparagine synthetase gene expression in maize (Zea mays L.) root tips. , 1996, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[76]  P. Jarvis,et al.  Trees differ from crops and from each other in their responses to increases in CO2 concentration , 1995 .

[77]  B. Forde,et al.  Molecular cloning of higher plant homologues of the high-affinity nitrate transporters of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Aspergillus nidulans. , 1996, Gene.

[78]  H. Mooney,et al.  Resource Limitation in Plants-An Economic Analogy , 1985 .

[79]  B. Osmond,et al.  Distinctive Responses of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase and Carbonic Anhydrase in Wheat Leaves to Nitrogen Nutrition and their Possible Relationships to CO(2)-Transfer Resistance. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[80]  C. Baysdorfer,et al.  Photosynthate supply and utilization in alfalfa : a developmental shift from a source to a sink limitation of photosynthesis. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[81]  S. Smeekens,et al.  Sugar Sensing and Sugar-Mediated Signal Transduction in Plants , 1997, Plant physiology.

[82]  J. Boutin,et al.  Metabolite effectors for short‐term nitrogen‐dependent enhancement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and decrease of net sucrose synthesis in wheat leaves , 1993 .

[83]  C. Tsai,et al.  Elevated CO2 Effects during Leaf Ontogeny (A New Perspective on Acclimation) , 1997, Plant physiology.

[84]  M. Vaz,et al.  Growth at elevated CO2 leads to down-regulation of photosynthesis and altered response to high temperature in Quercus suber L. seedlings , 1996 .

[85]  N. Crawford,et al.  The herbicide sensitivity gene CHL1 of arabidopsis encodes a nitrate-inducible nitrate transporter , 1993, Cell.

[86]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Posttranslational Regulation of Nitrate Reductase in Higher Plants , 1994, Plant physiology.

[87]  W. Oechel,et al.  Effects of CO2 enrichment and nutrition on growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient concentration of Alaskan tundra plant species , 1986 .

[88]  T. Betsche,et al.  Growth Kinetics, Carbohydrate, and Leaf Phosphate Content of Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) after Transfer to a High CO(2) Atmosphere or to High Light and Ambient Air. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[89]  G. Bernier,et al.  Physiological Signals That Induce Flowering. , 1993, The Plant cell.

[90]  N. Crawford,et al.  The molecular genetics of nitrate assimilation in fungi and plants. , 1993, Annual review of genetics.

[91]  F. Daniel-Vedele,et al.  Expression of leaf nitrate reductase genes from tomato and tobacco in relation to light-dark regimes and nitrate supply. , 1988, Plant physiology.

[92]  B. Drake,et al.  Acclimation of photosynthesis in relation to Rubisco and non‐structural carbohydrate contents and in situ carboxylase activity in Scirpus olneyi grown at elevated CO2 in the field , 1995 .

[93]  P. Quick,et al.  Effects of light and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment on photosynthesis and carbon partitioning in the leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants over-expressing sucrose phosphate synthase , 1995 .

[94]  B. Forde,et al.  The use of mutants and transgenic plants to study amino acid metabolism. , 1994 .

[95]  I. Rao,et al.  Leaf phosphate status, photosynthesis, and carbon partitioning in sugar beet: I. Changes in growth, gas exchange, and calvin cycle enzymes. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[96]  B. Sugiharto,et al.  Effects of Nitrate and Ammonium on Gene Expression of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Nitrogen Metabolism in Maize Leaf Tissue during Recovery from Nitrogen Stress. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[97]  W. Frommer,et al.  Developmental control of H+/amino acid permease gene expression during seed development of Arabidopsis. , 1998, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[98]  Z. Nagy,et al.  Responses of CO2 Assimilation, Transpiration and Water Use Efficiency to Long-Term Elevated CO2 in Perennial C3 Xeric Loess Steppe Species , 1996 .

[99]  D. Rains,et al.  Evidence for Substrate Induction of a Nitrate Efflux System in Barley Roots , 1996, Plant physiology.

[100]  P. Högy,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2, nitrogen supply and tropospheric ozone on spring wheat-II. Nutrients (N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn). , 1997, Environmental pollution.

[101]  Miaoying Wang.  Ammonium uptake by rice roots , 1994 .

[102]  M. Watanabe,et al.  Molecular cloning and characterization of complementary DNA encoding for ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize leaf. , 1991, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[103]  M. Stitt,et al.  Regulation of the Expression of Rbcs and Other Photosynthetic Genes by Carbohydrates - a Mechanism for the Sink Regulation of Photosynthesis , 1993 .

[104]  T. Slabas.  Galactolipid biosynthesis genes and endosymbiosis , 1997 .

[105]  B. Kimball,et al.  Increased Accumulation of Carbohydrates and Decreased Photosynthetic Gene Transcript Levels in Wheat Grown at an Elevated CO2 Concentration in the Field , 1995, Plant physiology.

[106]  R. Gunsalus,et al.  The NarX and NarQ sensor-transmitter proteins of Escherichia coli each require two conserved histidines for nitrate-dependent signal transduction to NarL , 1995, Journal of bacteriology.

[107]  H. Kaiser,et al.  In situ observations of stomatal movements in different light-dark regimes: the influence of endogenous rhythmicity and long-term adjustments , 1997 .

[108]  M. Andrews.  The partitioning of nitrate assimilation between root and shoot of higher plants , 1986 .

[109]  M. Mattana,et al.  Expression of nitrogen assimilating enzymes in germinating rice under anoxia , 1996 .

[110]  W. Jackson,et al.  Nitrate Uptake by Dark-grown Corn Seedlings: Some Characteristics of Apparent Induction. , 1973, Plant physiology.

[111]  S. Huber,et al.  Alterations in leaf carbohydrate metabolism in response to nitrogen stress. , 1988, Plant physiology.

[112]  R. L. Warner,et al.  Feedback Regulation of Nitrate Influx in Barley Roots by Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium , 1993, Plant physiology.

[113]  W. Ullrich,et al.  Ammonium uptake in Lemna gibba G 1, related membrane potential changes, and inhibition of anion uptake , 1984 .

[114]  M. Vincentz,et al.  Post-transcriptional regulation of nitrate reductase by light is abolished by an N-terminal deletion. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[115]  Susan J. Smith,et al.  Nitrate transport and compartmentation in cereal root cells , 1996 .

[116]  A. Ninfa,et al.  The Escherichia coli PII Signal Transduction Protein Is Activated upon Binding 2-Ketoglutarate and ATP (*) , 1995, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[117]  B. Sattelmacher,et al.  Morphology and Physiology of the Seminal Root System of Young Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants as Influenced by a Locally Restricted Nitrate Supply , 1995 .

[118]  W. Frommer,et al.  Preferential expression of an ammonium transporter and of two putative nitrate transporters in root hairs of tomato. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[119]  V. Stewart,et al.  Nitrate and Nitrite-mediated Transcription Antitermination Control ofnasF(Nitrate Assimilation) Operon Expression inKlebsiella pneumoniaeM5al☆ , 1996 .

[120]  J. Lewis,et al.  Effects of leaf nutrient status on photosynthetic capacity in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings grown in elevated atmospheric CO(2). , 1994, Tree physiology.

[121]  T. Nakayama,et al.  A wheat histone H3 promoter confers cell division-dependent and -independent expression of the gus A gene in transgenic rice plants. , 1993, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[122]  M. Stitt.  Metabolic Regulation of Photosynthesis , 1996 .

[123]  W. Frommer,et al.  Structure and Function of Plasma Membrane Amino Acid, Oligopeptide and Sucrose Transporters from Higher Plants , 1998, The Journal of Membrane Biology.

[124]  M. Caboche,et al.  Zea3: a pleiotropic mutation affecting cotyledon development, cytokinin resistance and carbon-nitrogen metabolism. , 1994, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[125]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Differential responses of root uptake kinetics of NH4+ and NO3− to enriched atmospheric CO2 concentration in field‐grown loblolly pine , 1996 .

[126]  A. Makino,et al.  Effects of Growth Temperature on the Responses of Ribulose-1,5-Biphosphate Carboxylase, Electron Transport Components, and Sucrose Synthesis Enzymes to Leaf Nitrogen in Rice, and Their Relationships to Photosynthesis , 1994, Plant physiology.

[127]  E. Fernández,et al.  Nitrate and Nitrite Are Transported by Different Specific Transport Systems and by a Bispecific Transporter in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[128]  G. L. Brooks,et al.  The influence of elevated C02 on growth and age-related changes in leaf gas exchange , 1995 .

[129]  R. Visser,et al.  Developmental changes of enzymes involved in conversion of sucrose to hexose-phosphate during early tuberisation of potato , 1997, Planta.

[130]  G. Marzluf,et al.  The negative-acting NMR regulatory protein of Neurospora crassa binds to and inhibits the DNA-binding activity of the positive-acting nitrogen regulatory protein NIT2. , 1995, Biochemistry.

[131]  Nitrate Reductase mRNA Regulation in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Nitrate Reductase-Deficient Mutants. , 1989, The Plant cell.

[132]  Mark Stitt,et al.  Tobacco mutants with a decreased number of functional nia genes compensate by modifying the diurnal regulation of transcription, post-translational modification and turnover of nitrate reductase , 1997, Planta.

[133]  F. Woodward,et al.  Atmospheric CO2, plant nitrogen status and the susceptibility of plants to an acute increase in temperature , 1991 .

[134]  J. Seemann,et al.  Effects of short- and long-term elevated CO2 on the expression of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes and carbohydrate accumulation in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. , 1998, Plant physiology.

[135]  D. Phillips,et al.  Effects of elevated CO(2) and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[136]  R. Cavicchioli,et al.  ‘Locked‐on’ and ‘locked‐off’ signal transduction mutations in the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarQ and NarX sensors affect nitrate‐ and nitrite‐dependent regulation by NarL and NarP , 1997, Molecular microbiology.

[137]  K. R. Reddy,et al.  Nitrogen nutrition and photosynthesis in leaves of Pima cotton , 1996 .

[138]  Walter C. Oechel,et al.  Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source , 1993, Nature.

[139]  P. Hocking,et al.  Carbon dioxide enrichment decreases critical nitrate and nitrogen concentrations in wheat , 1991 .

[140]  De Kok,et al.  Impact of elevated CO2 on growth and development , 1996 .

[141]  C. MacKintosh,et al.  Regulation of cytosolic enzymes in primary metabolism by reversible protein phosphorylation. , 1998, Current opinion in plant biology.

[142]  J. King,et al.  Growth and carbon accumulation in root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa seedlings as affected by varying CO(2), temperature and nitrogen. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[143]  J. Roy,et al.  The effect of elevated CO2 on the chemical composition and construction costs of leaves of 27 C3 species , 1997 .

[144]  Kenneth J. Boote,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on photosynthesis and Rubisco in rice and soybean , 1997 .

[145]  R. Besford,et al.  Some relationships between the gas exchange, biochemistry and molecular biology of photosynthesis during leaf development of tomato plants after transfer to different carbon dioxide concentrations , 1995 .

[146]  U. Wobus,et al.  Seed coat-associated invertases of fava bean control both unloading and storage functions: cloning of cDNAs and cell type-specific expression. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[147]  Y. Kovtun,et al.  End-Product Control of Carbon Metabolism in Culture-Grown Sugar Beet Plants (Molecular and Physiological Evidence on Accelerated Leaf Development and Enhanced Gene Expression) , 1995, Plant physiology.

[148]  E. Fernández,et al.  Involvement of Reversible Inactivation in the Regulation of Nitrate Reductase Enzyme Levels in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. , 1987, Plant physiology.

[149]  K. Nakamura,et al.  Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with pleiotropic effects on the expression of the gene for beta-amylase and on the accumulation of anthocyanin that are inducible by sugars. , 1997, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[150]  D. Tissue,et al.  Atmospheric CO2 enrichment increases growth and photosynthesis of Pinus taeda: a 4 year experiment in the field , 1997 .

[151]  N. Sionit.  Response of Soybean to Two Levels of Mineral Nutrition in CO2‐Enriched Atmosphere1 , 1983 .

[152]  R. Visser,et al.  Metabolism of Urtica dioica as dependent on the supply of mineral nutrients , 1985 .

[153]  P. Gustafsson,et al.  Development of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves at low temperatures releases the suppression of photosynthesis and photosynthetic gene expression despite the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates , 1997 .

[154]  V. Stewart,et al.  Nitrate and nitrite regulation of the Fnr-dependent aeg-46.5 promoter of Escherichia coli K-12 is mediated by competition between homologous response regulators (NarL and NarP) for a common DNA-binding site. , 1995, Journal of molecular biology.

[155]  M. Lexa,et al.  Growth and nitrogen relations in reciprocal grafts of wild-type and nitrate reductase-deficient mutants of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Juneau) , 1997 .

[156]  U. Wobus,et al.  A role for sugar transporters during seed development: molecular characterization of a hexose and a sucrose carrier in fava bean seeds. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[157]  B. Kimball,et al.  Effects of Atmospheric CO(2) Enrichment on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth of Sour Orange Trees. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[158]  B. Li,et al.  Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Kinase in Tobacco Leaves Is Activated by Light in a Similar but Not Identical Way as in Maize , 1996, Plant physiology.

[159]  J. Conroy,et al.  Nitrogen nutrition of C3 plants at elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations , 1993 .

[160]  W. Weerakoon,et al.  The Influence of Nitrogen on the Elevated CO2Response in Field-Grown Rice , 1996 .

[161]  R. Ceulemans,et al.  Growth and Physiology of One-year old Poplar (Populus) Under Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Levels , 1995 .

[162]  C. Körner.  Towards a better experimental basis for upscaling plant responses to elevated CO2 and climate warming , 1995 .

[163]  Stan D. Wullschleger,et al.  Foliar gas exchange responses of two deciduous hardwoods during 3 years of growth in elevated CO2: no loss of photosynthetic enhancement , 1993 .

[164]  M. Lacuesta,et al.  Comparative effects of phosphinothricin on nitrate and ammonium assimilation and on anaplerotic CO2 fixation in N-deprived barley plants , 1996 .

[165]  E. Martinoia,et al.  Malate Compartmentation-Responses to a Complex Metabolism , 1994 .

[166]  Steven C. Huber,et al.  ROLE AND REGULATION OF SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE IN HIGHER PLANTS. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[167]  E. Fernández,et al.  Constitutive expression of nitrate reductase changes the regulation of nitrate and nitrite transporters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , 1996 .

[168]  M. Stitt,et al.  Nitrate acts as a signal to control gene expression, metabolism and biomass allocation , 1999 .

[169]  M. Redinbaugh,et al.  Higher plant responses to environmental nitrate , 1991 .

[170]  V. Hurry,et al.  Effects of a Short-Term Shift to Low Temperature and of Long-Term Cold Hardening on Photosynthesis and Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and Sucrose Phosphate Synthase Activity in Leaves of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) , 1994, Plant physiology.

[171]  A. Ninfa,et al.  Effect of mutations in Escherichia coli glnL (ntrB), encoding nitrogen regulator II (NRII or NtrB), on the phosphatase activity involved in bacterial nitrogen regulation. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[172]  B. Forde,et al.  An Arabidopsis MADS box gene that controls nutrient-induced changes in root architecture. , 1998, Science.

[173]  T. Sa,et al.  Phosphate Regulation of Nitrate Assimilation in Soybean , 1993 .

[174]  Mark Stitt,et al.  Growth of tobacco in short-day conditions leads to high starch, low sugars, altered diurnal changes in the Nia transcript and low nitrate reductase activity, and inhibition of amino acid synthesis , 1998, Planta.

[175]  F. Berendse,et al.  Interactions between elevated CO2 concentration, nitrogen and water: effects on growth and water use of six perennial plant species , 1998 .

[176]  S. Wong,et al.  CO2×nitrogen interaction on seedling growth of four species of Eucalypt , 1992 .

[177]  J. Preiss.  Biology and molecular biology of starch synthesis and its regulation , 1991 .

[178]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Allometric relations and growth in Pinus taeda: the effect of elevated CO2, and changing N availability , 1996 .

[179]  R. Hageman,et al.  Effect of carbon dioxide on nitrate accumulation and nitrate reductase induction in corn seedlings. , 1974, Plant physiology.

[180]  R. Chollet,et al.  In Vivo Regulation of Wheat-Leaf Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase by Reversible Phosphorylation , 1995, Plant physiology.

[181]  R. Amasino,et al.  Making Sense of Senescence (Molecular Genetic Regulation and Manipulation of Leaf Senescence) , 1997, Plant physiology.

[182]  M. Stitt,et al.  Metabolism in slices from growing potato tubers responds differently to addition of sucrose and glucose , 1998, Planta.

[183]  D. Wilkins,et al.  Effects of elevated CO(2) on chloroplast components, gas exchange and growth of oak and cherry. , 1997, Tree physiology.

[184]  P. Hocking,et al.  Responses of Noogoora Burr (Xanthium occidentale Bertol.) to Nitrogen Supply and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment , 1985 .

[185]  F. Bazzaz,et al.  Analysis of the differential response of five annuals to elevated CO2 during growth. , 1990 .

[186]  M. Vincentz,et al.  Constitutive expression of nitrate reductase allows normal growth and development of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia plants. , 1991, The EMBO journal.

[187]  R. Trethewey,et al.  Increased potato tuber size resulting from apoplastic expression of a yeast invertase , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[188]  A. Aitken,et al.  Phosphorylated nitrate reductase from spinach leaves is inhibited by 14-3-3 proteins and activated by fusicoccin , 1996, Current Biology.

[189]  D. Walker,et al.  Photosynthesis and phosphate: a cellular affair? , 1986 .

[190]  C. Körner,et al.  The responses of alpine grassland to four seasons of CO2 enrichment: a synthesis , 1997 .

[191]  H. Lambers,et al.  Cytokinin concentration in relation to mineral nutrition and benzyladenine treatment in Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma , 1989 .

[192]  H. Weigel,et al.  Effects of CO2 enrichment and intraspecific competition on biomass partitioning, nitrogen content and microbial biomass carbon in soil of perennial ryegrass and white clover , 1995 .

[193]  S. Smeekens.  Sugar regulation of gene expression in plants. , 1998, Current opinion in plant biology.

[194]  K. Dietz,et al.  The epidermis of barley leaves is a dynamic intermediary storage compartment of carbohydrates, amino acids and nitrate , 1994 .

[195]  Michael R. Gillings,et al.  Sink strength may be the key to growth and nitrogen responses in N-deficient wheat at elevated CO2 , 1996 .

[196]  V. M. Pain.  Translational control during amino acid starvation. , 1994, Biochimie.

[197]  T. Rufty,et al.  Studies of the Uptake of Nitrate in Barley: I. Kinetics of NO(3) Influx. , 1990, Plant physiology.

[198]  P. Liao,et al.  The inhibitor protein of phosphorylated nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves is a 14‐3‐3 protein , 1996, FEBS letters.

[199]  D. Clarkson,et al.  Mineral nutrition: inducible and repressible nutrient transport systems. , 1991 .

[200]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Root response to CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply in loblolly pine , 1994 .

[201]  I. E. Woodrow.  Control of steady‐state photosynthesis in sunflowers growing in enhanced CO2 , 1994 .

[202]  S. Idso,et al.  Nutrient uptake during the course of a year by sour orange trees growing in ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations , 1993 .

[203]  M. Stitt,et al.  Nitrate Acts as a Signal to Induce Organic Acid Metabolism and Repress Starch Metabolism in Tobacco. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[204]  P. Hocking,et al.  Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Stress on Growth, and Partitioning of Dry Matter and Nitrogen in Wheat and Maize , 1991 .

[205]  I. A. Graham.  Carbohydrate control of gene expression in higher plants. , 1996, Research in microbiology.

[206]  R. Sicher,et al.  Photosynthetic Acclimation to Elevated CO2 Occurs in Transformed Tobacco with Decreased Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Content , 1994, Plant physiology.

[207]  E. Komor,et al.  Regulation of growth, sucrose storage and ion content in sugarcane cells, measured with suspension cells in continuous culture grown under nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon limitation , 1993 .

[208]  F. A. Bazzaz,et al.  Plant life in a CO2 - rich world , 1992 .

[209]  T. Mansfield,et al.  Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and demand in Agrostis capillaris: the influence of elevated CO2 and nutrient supply. , 1995, The New phytologist.

[210]  B. Touraine,et al.  N Demand and the Regulation of Nitrate Uptake , 1994, Plant physiology.

[211]  B. Goldman,et al.  Identification and structure of the nasR gene encoding a nitrate- and nitrite-responsive positive regulator of nasFEDCBA (nitrate assimilation) operon expression in Klebsiella pneumoniae M5al , 1994, Journal of bacteriology.

[212]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Nitrate reductase activation state in barley roots in relation to the energy and carbohydrate status , 1997, Planta.

[213]  M. Stitt,et al.  Combined expression of glucokinase and invertase in potato tubers leads to a dramatic reduction in starch accumulation and a stimulation of glycolysis. , 1998, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[214]  P. Lefebvre,et al.  Isolation of the Chlamydomonas regulatory gene NIT2 by transposon tagging. , 1993, Genetics.

[215]  M. Redinbaugh,et al.  Glutamine Synthetase and Ferredoxin-Dependent Glutamate Synthase Expression in the Maize (Zea mays) Root Primary Response to Nitrate (Evidence for an Organ-Specific Response) , 1993, Plant physiology.

[216]  N. Crawford,et al.  Nitrate: nutrient and signal for plant growth. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[217]  R. Besford,et al.  The Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Oxides on some Calvin Cycle Enzymes and Nitrite Reductase in Glasshouse Lettuce , 1989 .

[218]  M. Caboche,et al.  Sequence and characterization of two Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs isolated by functional complementation of a yeast gln3 gdh1 mutant , 1997, FEBS letters.

[219]  M. Stitt,et al.  Control of Photosynthetic Sucrose Synthesis by Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate : III. Properties of the Cytosolic Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphatase. , 1984, Plant physiology.

[220]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Predicting responses of photosynthesis and root fraction to elevated [CO2]a: interactions among carbon, nitrogen, and growth* , 1994 .

[221]  J. Jauniaux,et al.  Identification of a high affinity NH4+ transporter from plants. , 1994, The EMBO journal.

[222]  M. Stitt,et al.  The nitrate and ammonium nitrate supply have a major influence on the response of photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and growth to elevated carbon dioxide in tobacco , 1999 .

[223]  M. Mousseau,et al.  Interactive effects of elevated CO(2) and mineral nutrition on growth and CO(2) exchange of sweet chestnut seedlings (Castanea sativa). , 1994, Tree physiology.

[224]  J. Coleman,et al.  Effects of CO_2 and Temperature on Growth and Resource Use of Co‐Occurring C_3 and C_4 Annuals , 1992 .

[225]  L. Willmitzer,et al.  Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Cytosolic NADP+- Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase from Potato , 1995 .

[226]  P. Dizengremel,et al.  Photosynthesis, Rubisco activity and mitochondrial malate oxidation in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L) seedlings grown under present and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations , 1996 .

[227]  E. Beck,et al.  Nitrate Reductase Activity is Endogenously Induced by Zeatin Riboside in Habituated Suspension Cultured Chenopodium rubrum Cells , 1995 .

[228]  M. Stitt,et al.  Sucrose-feeding leads to increased rates of nitrate assimilation, increased rates of α-oxoglutarate synthesis, and increased synthesis of a wide spectrum of amino acids in tobacco leaves , 1998, Planta.

[229]  H. Sakakibara,et al.  A Nitrate-Inducible Ferredoxin in Maize Roots (Genomic Organization and Differential Expression of Two Nonphotosynthetic Ferredoxin Isoproteins) , 1997, Plant physiology.

[230]  S. Sivasankar,et al.  Nitrate assimilation in higher plants: the effects of metabolites and light , 1996 .

[231]  Poethig Rs,et al.  Phase change and the regulation of shoot morphogenesis in plants. , 1990 .

[232]  J. Farrar,et al.  Effect of elevated CO2 and nutrient status on growth, dry matter partitioning and nutrient content of Poa alpina var. vivipara L. , 1997 .

[233]  D. Wilkins,et al.  Regulation of the expression of photosynthetic nuclear genes by CO2 is mimicked by regulation by carbohydrates: a mechanism for the acclimation of photosynthesis to high CO2? , 1994 .

[234]  C. Larsson,et al.  The influence of cytokinins in nitrate regulation of nitrate reductase activity and expression in barley , 1995 .

[235]  J. Peng,et al.  The Arabidopsis GAI gene defines a signaling pathway that negatively regulates gibberellin responses. , 1997, Genes & development.

[236]  M. Lieffering,et al.  The Partitioning of Nitrate Assimilation Between Root and Shoot of a Range of Temperate Cereals and Pasture Grasses , 1992 .

[237]  I. Stulen,et al.  Modulation of carbon and nitrogen allocation in Urtica dioica and Plantago major by elevated CO2: Impact of accumulation of nonstructural carbohydrates and ontogenetic drift. , 1996 .

[238]  S. Wölfl,et al.  Two glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are glucose sensors that generate a signal for induction of gene expression. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[239]  M. Stitt,et al.  Transgenic tobacco plants expressing yeast‐derived invertase in either the cytosol, vacuole or apoplast: a powerful tool for studying sucrose metabolism and sink/source interactions , 1991 .

[240]  M. Stitt,et al.  The sugar‐mediated regulation of genes encoding the small subunit of Rubisco and the regulatory subunit of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase is modified by phosphate and nitrogen , 1998 .

[241]  P. Tillard,et al.  Diurnal regulation of NO3− uptake in soybean plants I. Changes in NO3− influx, efflux, and N utilization in the plant during the day/night cycle , 1995 .

[242]  M. Stitt,et al.  The Short-Term Effect of NO3- and NH3 Assimilation on Sucrose Synthesis in Leaves , 1992 .

[243]  Dean W. Garbie.  Targeting of protein signals from Xanthomonas to the plant nucleus , 1997 .

[244]  M. Stitt.  Rising Co2 Levels and Their Potential Significance for Carbon Flow in Photosynthetic Cells , 1991 .

[245]  A. Hinnebusch,et al.  Phosphorylation of initiation factor 2α by protein kinase GCN2 mediates gene-specific translational control of GCN4 in yeast , 1992, Cell.

[246]  C. M. Karssen,et al.  Nitrate Reductase Independent Stimulation of Seed Germination in Sisymbrium officinale L. (Hedge Mustard) by Light and Nitrate , 1989 .

[247]  Mark Stitt,et al.  Accumulation of nitrate in the shoot acts as a signal to regulate shoot‐root allocation in tobacco† , 1997 .

[248]  G. Coruzzi,et al.  THE MOLECULAR-GENETICS OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION INTO AMINO ACIDS IN HIGHER PLANTS. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[249]  W. Frommer,et al.  Application of transgenic plants in understanding responses to atmospheric change , 1999 .

[250]  B. Sugiharto,et al.  Cytokinin Is Required to Induce the Nitrogen-Dependent Accumulation of mRNAs for Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Carbonic Anhydrase in Detached Maize Leaves. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[251]  C. Somerville.  Analysis of Photosynthesis with Mutants of Higher Plants and Algae , 1986 .

[252]  W. Frommer,et al.  The role of transient starch in acclimation to elevated atmospheric CO2 , 1998, FEBS letters.

[253]  M. Stitt,et al.  Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on the expression of rbcS and the metabolism of Chenopodium rubrum cell-suspension cultures , 1998, Planta.

[254]  A. Lüscher,et al.  Source-sink relations in Lolium perenne L. as reflected by carbohydrate concentrations in leaves and pseudo-stems during regrowth in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment* , 1997 .

[255]  E. W. R. Barlow,et al.  The Effect of CO2 Enrichment and Irradiance on the Growth, Morphology and Gas Exchange of a C3 (Panicum laxum) and a C4 (Panicum antidotale) Grass , 1997 .

[256]  A. Makino,et al.  Responses of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase, Cytochrome f, and Sucrose Synthesis Enzymes in Rice Leaves to Leaf Nitrogen and Their Relationships to Photosynthesis , 1994, Plant physiology.

[257]  J. Hartwell,et al.  Higher plant phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is regulated at the level of translatable mRNA in response to light or a circadian rhythm , 1996 .

[258]  R. Cavicchioli,et al.  Role of the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarX sensor‐transmitter protein in nitrate‐dependent signal transduction and gene regulation , 1996, Molecular microbiology.

[259]  P. Tillard,et al.  Effects of genetic modification of nitrate reductase expression on 15NO3– uptake and reduction in Nicotiana plants , 1998 .

[260]  A. Migge,et al.  The expression of the tobacco genes encoding plastidic glutamine synthetase or ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase does not depend on the rate of nitrate reduction, and is unaffected by suppression of photorespiration , 1997 .

[261]  A. Sharma,et al.  Carbon dioxide enrichment effects on photosynthesis and related enzymes in Vigna radiata L. (Wilczek). , 1990 .

[262]  P. Ineson,et al.  Elevated CO2 reduces the nitrogen concentration of plant tissues , 1998 .

[263]  M. Fetene,et al.  Reversal of the direction of photosynthate allocation in Urtica-dioica l. plants by increasing cytokinin import into the shoot , 1993 .

[264]  B. Drake,et al.  MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2? , 1997, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[265]  L. Kochian,et al.  Studies of the Uptake of Nitrate in Barley : IV. Electrophysiology. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[266]  R. L. Warner,et al.  Root respiration associated with ammonium and nitrate absorption and assimilation by barley. , 1992, Plant physiology.

[267]  G. Farquhar,et al.  The CO 2 Dependence of Photosynthesis, Plant Growth Responses to Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 Concentrations and Their Interaction with Soil Nutrient Status. I. General Principles and Forest Ecosystems , 1996 .

[268]  J. Vidal,et al.  PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE: A Ubiquitous, Highly Regulated Enzyme in Plants. , 1996, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[269]  J. Boyer,et al.  Nitrate Reductase Activity in Maize (Zea mays L.) Leaves: I. Regulation by Nitrate Flux. , 1976, Plant physiology.

[270]  M. Press,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2 , nitrogen form and concentration on growth and photosynthesis of a fast- and slow-growing grass. , 1996, The New phytologist.

[271]  N. Chua,et al.  Sucrose control of phytochrome A signaling in Arabidopsis. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[272]  A. McDonald,et al.  Response of small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) to elevated CO2 and nitrogen supply , 1993 .

[273]  M. Stitt,et al.  Phloem‐specific expression of pyrophosphatase inhibits long distance transport of carbohydrates and amino acids in tobacco plants , 1996 .

[274]  P. Jarvis,et al.  Response of Photosynthesis, Stomatal Conductance and Water Use Efficiency to Elevated CO2 and Nutrient Supply in Acclimated Seedlings of Phaseolus vulgaris L. , 1992 .

[275]  M. Stitt,et al.  Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies on levels of carbohydrates, respiratory enzymes and metabolites in seedlings of tobacco and their response to exogenous sucrose , 1993 .

[276]  T. Betsche,et al.  Adaptation of pea to elevated atmospheric CO2: Rubisco, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplast phosphate translocator at different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition , 1996 .

[277]  R. J. Volk.  Unidirectional fluxes of nitrate into and out of maize roots: measurement and regulation by prior nitrate nutrition , 1997 .

[278]  J. Seemann,et al.  Sucrose cycling, Rubisco expression, and prediction of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated atmospheric CO2 , 1998, Plant, Cell & Environment.

[279]  U. Wobus,et al.  High‐resolution histographical mapping of glucose concentrations in developing cotyledons of Vicia faba in relation to mitotic activity and storage processes: glucose as a possible developmental trigger , 1998 .

[280]  A. Gosselin,et al.  Effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration and root-zone temperature on growth, mineral nutrition, and nitrate reductase activity of greenhouse tomato , 1987 .

[281]  W. Kaiser,et al.  Rapid Modulation of Spinach Leaf Nitrate Reductase Activity by Photosynthesis : I. Modulation in Vivo by CO(2) Availability. , 1991, Plant physiology.

[282]  R. Norby,et al.  Effects of Atmospheric CO(2) Enrichment on the Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Quercus alba Seedlings in Nutrient-Poor Soil. , 1986, Plant physiology.

[283]  M. Caboche,et al.  The use of mutants and transgenic plants to study nitrate assimilation , 1994 .

[284]  M. Stitt,et al.  Impaired photoassimilate partitioning caused by phloem-specific removal of pyrophosphate can be complemented by a phloem-specific cytosolic yeast-derived invertase in transgenic plants. , 1995, The Plant cell.

[285]  R. Sicher,et al.  Responses of Nicotiana tabacum to CO2 enrichment at low‐photon flux density , 1994 .

[286]  I. Stulen,et al.  Impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on nitrate reductase transcription and activity in leaves and roots of Plantago major , 1997 .

[287]  H. Ross,et al.  Developmental changes in carbohydrate content and sucrose degrading enzymes in tuberising stolons of potato (Solanum tuberosum) , 1994 .

[288]  J. Reynolds,et al.  Growth and Root NO3- and PO43- Uptake Capacity of Three Desert Species in Response to Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment , 1997 .

[289]  B. Forde,et al.  Regulation of the expression of ferredoxin-glutamate synthase in barley , 1997, Planta.

[290]  J. Silvola,et al.  Combined effects of CO2 concentration and nutrient status on the biomass production and nutrient uptake of birch seedlings (Betula pendula) , 1995 .

[291]  W. Frommer,et al.  Identification of mutants in metabolically regulated gene expression. , 1997, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[292]  J. Seemann,et al.  Influence of Plant Growth at High CO2 Concentrations on Leaf Content of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and Intracellular Distribution of Soluble Carbohydrates in Tobacco, Snapdragon, and Parsley , 1997, Plant physiology.

[293]  T. Roitsch,et al.  Regulation of sucrose synthase expression in Chenopodium rubrum : characterization of sugar induced expression in photoautotrophic suspension cultures and sink tissue specific expression in plants , 1995 .

[294]  E. Fernández,et al.  Identification of nitrate transporter genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. , 1994, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[295]  L. Saker,et al.  Nutrient Supply and the Growth of the Seminal Root System in Barley II. LOCALIZED, COMPENSATORY INCREASES IN LATERAL ROOT GROWTH AND RATES OP NITRATE UPTAKE WHEN NITRATE SUPPLY IS RESTRICTED TO ONLY PART OF THE ROOT SYSTEM , 1975 .

[296]  J. Conroy,et al.  Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the growth response of Eucalyptus grandis to high CO2 , 1992 .

[297]  J. Farrar,et al.  Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on three grass species from montane pasture II. Nutrient uptake, allocation and efficiency of use , 1994 .

[298]  R. Teskey.  A field study of the effects of elevated CO2 on carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf and branch growth of Pinus taeda trees , 1995 .

[299]  D. Tissue,et al.  Long‐term effects of elevated CO2 and nutrients on photosynthesis and rubisco in loblolly pine seedlings , 1993 .

[300]  C. Körner,et al.  In situ effects of elevated CO2 on the carbon and nitrogen status of alpine plants , 1997 .

[301]  P. León,et al.  Hexokinase as a sugar sensor in higher plants. , 1997, The Plant cell.

[302]  A. Holaday,et al.  Changes in Activities of Enzymes of Carbon Metabolism in Leaves during Exposure of Plants to Low Temperature. , 1992, Plant physiology.