Using shape for self-assembly

A 1980 poem by Alan Mackay outlines his aspiration ‘to see what all have seen but think what none have thought’: a daunting task, which he accomplished not once, but several times. A ‘truly myriadminded, manysided man—a veritable triacontahedron’ in the words of his colleagues and friends, Alan Mackay pursued a lifelong interest in the problems of morphogenesis and form, a comprehension of which necessitated him crisscrossing the borders of the inanimate and animate world of soft and hard materials, through the integration of concepts and methods of chemistry, physics, mathematics and biology. In other words, he realized in his time a genuinely interdisciplinary approach to complex problems that still to this day remains beyond much of the academic community. Being invited to contribute a paper on the theme ‘beyond crystals’, we naturally wondered how Alan Mackay would think about the world of nanoscale self-assembly where so much depends on shape and form.

[1]  S. Darling Directing the self-assembly of block copolymers , 2007 .

[2]  H. Krupp,et al.  Theory of Adhesion of Small Particles , 1966 .

[3]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Semiconductor Nanorod Liquid Crystals , 2002 .

[4]  Joanna Aizenberg,et al.  Assembly of large-area, highly ordered, crack-free inverse opal films , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[5]  Mesoscale Computer Simulations Of Polymer-Tethered Organic/Inorganic Nanocube Self-Assembly , 2009 .

[6]  Sharon C. Glotzer,et al.  Disordered, quasicrystalline and crystalline phases of densely packed tetrahedra , 2009, Nature.

[7]  Francesco Stellacci,et al.  Divalent Metal Nanoparticles , 2007, Science.

[8]  V. Kitaev,et al.  Facile preparation of highly monodisperse small silica spheres (15 to >200 nm) suitable for colloidal templating and formation of ordered arrays. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[9]  G. Ozin,et al.  Periodic mesoporous organosilicas with organic groups inside the channel walls , 1999, Nature.

[10]  Younan Xia,et al.  Polyol Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires: A Plausible Growth Mechanism and the Supporting Evidence , 2003 .

[11]  Xiaogang Peng,et al.  Mechanisms of the Shape Evolution of CdSe Nanocrystals , 2001 .

[12]  E. Toone,et al.  The cluster glycoside effect. , 2002, Chemical reviews.

[13]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Untersuchungen über die Reibung und Adhäsion, IV , 1934 .

[14]  P. Leiderer,et al.  Direct measurement of entropic forces induced by rigid rods. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[15]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Dynamic self-assembly of magnetized, millimetre-sized objects rotating at a liquid–air interface , 2000, Nature.

[16]  H. Lekkerkerker,et al.  Liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of polydisperse plate-like particles , 2000, Nature.

[17]  Sharon C. Glotzer,et al.  A comparison of new methods for generating energy-minimizing configurations of patchy particles , 2009 .

[18]  H. Giesche Synthesis of monodispersed silica powders I. Particle properties and reaction kinetics , 1994 .

[19]  Bartosz A Grzybowski,et al.  Principles and implementations of dissipative (dynamic) self-assembly. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[20]  Joseph M DeSimone,et al.  Direct fabrication and harvesting of monodisperse, shape-specific nanobiomaterials. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Polymer‐Mediated Mineralization and Self‐Similar Mesoscale‐Organized Calcium Carbonate with Unusual Superstructures , 2008 .

[22]  Sangtae Kim,et al.  Microhydrodynamics: Principles and Selected Applications , 1991 .

[23]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Controlled growth of tetrapod-branched inorganic nanocrystals , 2003, Nature materials.

[24]  B. Korgel,et al.  Solventless Synthesis of Bi2S3 (Bismuthinite) Nanorods, Nanowires, and Nanofabric , 2005 .

[25]  Toshiyuki Yokoi,et al.  Periodic arrangement of silica nanospheres assisted by amino acids. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[26]  Alan L. Mackay,et al.  Crystallography and the penrose pattern , 1982 .

[27]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks , 1998, Nature.

[28]  G. Wulff,et al.  Molecular Imprinting in Cross-Linked Materials with the Aid of Molecular Templates - A Way towards Artificial Antibodies , 1995 .

[29]  Matteo Pasquali,et al.  Brownian Motion of Stiff Filaments in a Crowded Environment , 2010, Science.

[30]  Peter K. Dorhout,et al.  Sol−Gel Template Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanostructures , 1997 .

[31]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Dynamics of self assembly of magnetized disks rotating at the liquid–air interface , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[32]  Alan L. Mackay Periodic minimal surfaces , 1985 .

[33]  Juan R. Granja,et al.  Self-Assembling Peptide Nanotubes , 1996 .

[34]  Bartosz A. Grzybowski,et al.  Making use of bond strength and steric hindrance in nanoscale "synthesis". , 2009, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  L. Pauling,et al.  Sickle cell anemia a molecular disease. , 1949, Science.

[36]  P. Albouy,et al.  Periodically ordered nanoscale islands and mesoporous films composed of nanocrystalline multimetallic oxides , 2004, Nature materials.

[37]  Christopher B. Murray,et al.  Quasicrystalline order in self-assembled binary nanoparticle superlattices , 2009, Nature.

[38]  A. Mackay A dense non-crystallographic packing of equal spheres , 1962 .

[39]  Fumio Oosawa,et al.  Interaction between particles suspended in solutions of macromolecules , 1958 .

[40]  L. Cademartiri,et al.  Plasma within Templates: Molding Flexible Nanocrystal Solids into Multifunctional Architectures , 2007 .

[41]  Younan Xia,et al.  Controlling the Assembly of Silver Nanocubes through Selective Functionalization of Their Faces , 2008 .

[42]  P. Rothemund Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns , 2006, Nature.

[43]  Younan Xia,et al.  Polymer hollow particles with controllable holes in their surfaces , 2005, Nature materials.

[44]  V. Kitaev,et al.  Photochemical Synthesis of Monodisperse Size-Controlled Silver Decahedral Nanoparticles and Their Remarkable Optical Properties , 2008 .

[45]  Xiaofeng Zhang,et al.  Sub-two nanometer single crystal Au nanowires. , 2008, Nano letters.

[46]  Fredrickson,et al.  Triblock copolymer syntheses of mesoporous silica with periodic 50 to 300 angstrom pores , 1998, Science.

[47]  J. Vermant,et al.  Flow-induced structure in colloidal suspensions , 2005 .

[48]  Isoprenoids D. Keasling 41 Microbial Production of , 2010 .

[49]  Kyung-Sang Cho,et al.  Designing PbSe nanowires and nanorings through oriented attachment of nanoparticles. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[50]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Self-Assembly at All Scales , 2002, Science.

[51]  M. Ghadiri,et al.  Artificial transmembrane ion channels from self-assembling peptide nanotubes , 1994, Nature.

[52]  M. Antonietti,et al.  Highly crystalline cubic mesoporous TiO₂ with 10-nm pore diameter made with a new block copolymer template , 2004 .

[53]  S. Sacanna,et al.  Lock and key colloids , 2009, Nature.

[54]  Bradley F. Chmelka,et al.  Nonionic Triblock and Star Diblock Copolymer and Oligomeric Surfactant Syntheses of Highly Ordered, Hydrothermally Stable, Mesoporous Silica Structures , 1998 .

[55]  Bruno J. Strasser,et al.  "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" , 1999, Science.

[56]  Baughman,et al.  Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at optical wavelengths , 1998, Science.

[57]  J. S. Beck,et al.  Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism , 1992, Nature.

[58]  A. Stein,et al.  Synthesis of macroporous minerals with highly ordered three-dimensional arrays of spheroidal voids , 1998, Science.

[59]  John O'Mahony,et al.  Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003 , 2006, Journal of molecular recognition : JMR.

[60]  Martin Wegener,et al.  New Route to Three‐Dimensional Photonic Bandgap Materials: Silicon Double Inversion of Polymer Templates , 2006 .

[61]  Joseph A. Bank,et al.  Supporting Online Material Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S10 Table S1 References Movies S1 to S3 Atomic-level Characterization of the Structural Dynamics of Proteins , 2022 .

[62]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Asymmetric dimers can be formed by dewetting half-shells of gold deposited on the surfaces of spherical oxide colloids. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[63]  L. Cademartiri,et al.  Shape‐Controlled Bi2S3 Nanocrystals and Their Plasma Polymerization into Flexible Films , 2006 .

[64]  J. Aitchison,et al.  Visualization of Stacking Faults and their Formation in Colloidal Photonic Crystal Films , 2008 .

[65]  H. Gibson,et al.  Rotaxanes, catenanes, polyrotaxanes, polycatenanes and related materials , 1994 .

[66]  B. J. Melde,et al.  Mesoporous sieves with unified hybrid inorganic/organic frameworks , 1999 .

[67]  Keng-hui Lin,et al.  Erratum: Colloidal Interactions in Suspensions of Rods , 2001 .

[68]  Xiaojun Zhao,et al.  Molecular designer self-assembling peptides. , 2006, Chemical Society reviews.

[69]  Mark Bathe,et al.  A primer to scaffolded DNA origami , 2011, Nature Methods.

[70]  Efstathios E. Michaelides,et al.  Review-The transient equation of motion for particles , 1997 .

[71]  Paul V. Braun,et al.  Embedded cavities and waveguides in three-dimensional silicon photonic crystals , 2008 .

[72]  S. Glotzer,et al.  Anisotropy of building blocks and their assembly into complex structures. , 2007, Nature materials.

[73]  Joseph M DeSimone,et al.  Scalable, shape-specific, top-down fabrication methods for the synthesis of engineered colloidal particles. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[74]  D. Reinhoudt,et al.  Multivalency in supramolecular chemistry and nanofabrication. , 2004, Organic & biomolecular chemistry.

[75]  Deng,et al.  Hierarchically ordered oxides , 1998, Science.

[76]  L. Cademartiri,et al.  Polymer-like conformation and growth kinetics of Bi2S3 nanowires. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[77]  B. Grzybowski,et al.  Precision assembly of oppositely and like-charged nanoobjects mediated by charge-induced dipole interactions. , 2010, Nano letters.

[78]  Homer Rahnejat,et al.  Impact dynamics of rough and surface protected MEMS gears , 2009 .

[79]  J. Llorens,et al.  Emergence of supramolecular chirality by flows. , 2010, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[80]  Howard Wang,et al.  Simple cubic super crystals containing PbTe nanocubes and their core-shell building blocks. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[81]  Christopher B. Murray,et al.  Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices , 2006, Nature.

[82]  G. Stucky,et al.  Structure and optical properties of cadmium sulfide superclusters in zeolite hosts , 1989 .

[83]  J. Schneider,et al.  Self-assembling peptides and proteins for nanotechnological applications. , 2004, Current opinion in structural biology.

[84]  B. Ninham,et al.  Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers , 1976 .

[85]  Samuel I Stupp,et al.  Molecular self-assembly into one-dimensional nanostructures. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[86]  J. Rieger,et al.  Depletion-induced phase separation in colloid-polymer mixtures. , 2003, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[87]  Bartosz A Grzybowski,et al.  "Nanoions": fundamental properties and analytical applications of charged nanoparticles. , 2007, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[88]  Vladimir Kitaev,et al.  Synthesis of size-controlled faceted pentagonal silver nanorods with tunable plasmonic properties and self-assembly of these nanorods. , 2009, ACS nano.

[89]  Sung Yeun Choi,et al.  Thermally Stable Two‐Dimensional Hexagonal Mesoporous Nanocrystalline Anatase, Meso‐nc‐TiO2: Bulk and Crack‐Free Thin Film Morphologies , 2004 .

[90]  Ludovico Cademartiri,et al.  Concepts of Nanochemistry , 2009 .

[91]  Keng-hui Lin,et al.  Erratum: Colloidal Interactions in Suspensions of Rods [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 088301 (2001)] , 2001 .

[92]  Ludovico Cademartiri,et al.  Three-dimensional silicon inverse photonic quasicrystals for infrared wavelengths , 2006, Nature materials.

[93]  Hao Yan,et al.  DNA Origami with Complex Curvatures in Three-Dimensional Space , 2011, Science.

[94]  J. Storhoff,et al.  Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles. , 1997, Science.

[95]  Charles M Lieber,et al.  Ultrathin Au nanowires and their transport properties. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[96]  F. Sagués,et al.  Chiral Sign Induction by Vortices During the Formation of Mesophases in Stirred Solutions , 2001, Science.

[97]  Salvatore Torquato,et al.  Synthetic diamond and wurtzite structures self-assemble with isotropic pair interactions. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[98]  Shoufang Xu,et al.  Recent advances in molecular imprinting technology: current status, challenges and highlighted applications. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[99]  Christopher E. Wilmer,et al.  Nanoscale forces and their uses in self-assembly. , 2009, Small.

[100]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Preparation of Polymeric Micro- and Nanostructures Using a Template-Based Deposition Method , 1999 .

[101]  I. Hosein,et al.  Dimer‐Based Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals , 2010 .

[102]  Tejender S. Thakur,et al.  Significant progress in predicting the crystal structures of small organic molecules--a report on the fourth blind test. , 2009, Acta crystallographica. Section B, Structural science.

[103]  M. Pileni Self-assembly of inorganic nanocrystals: fabrication and collective intrinsic properties. , 2007, Accounts of chemical research.

[104]  George D. J. Phillies,et al.  Excess chemical potential of dilute solutions of spherical polyelectrolytes , 1974 .

[105]  J. Greener,et al.  Close-packed superlattices of side-by-side assembled Au-CdSe nanorods. , 2009, Nano letters.

[106]  T. Ohsuna,et al.  Novel Mesoporous Materials with a Uniform Distribution of Organic Groups and Inorganic Oxide in Their Frameworks , 1999 .

[107]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Ordered SBA-15 nanorod arrays inside a porous alumina membrane. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[108]  J. Happel,et al.  Low Reynolds number hydrodynamics , 1965 .

[109]  Ludovico Cademartiri,et al.  Nanofabrication by self-assembly , 2009 .

[110]  H. Giesche Synthesis of monodispersed silica powders II. Controlled growth reaction and continuous production process , 1994 .

[111]  Kwang S. Kim,et al.  Ultrathin Single-Crystalline Silver Nanowire Arrays Formed in an Ambient Solution Phase , 2001, Science.

[112]  K. C. Nicolaou,et al.  The Art of Total Synthesis Through Cascade Reactions , 2010 .

[113]  L. Cademartiri,et al.  On the nature and importance of the transition between molecules and nanocrystals: towards a chemistry of "nanoscale perfection". , 2011, Nanoscale.

[114]  J. Crocker,et al.  Colloidal interactions in suspensions of rods. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[115]  Sharon C. Glotzer,et al.  Self‐assembly: From nanoscale to microscale colloids , 2004 .

[116]  Roger H. Rangel,et al.  Unsteady motion of two solid spheres in Stokes flow , 2006 .

[117]  Geoffrey A Ozin,et al.  Colloidal crystal films: advances in universality and perfection. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[118]  F. Caruso,et al.  Composite photonic crystals from semiconductor nanocrystal/polyelectrolyte-coated colloidal spheres , 2003 .

[119]  Hao Yan,et al.  Dna Origami: a History and Current Perspective This Review Comes from a Themed Issue on Nanotechnology and Miniaturization Edited Structural Development Assembly Approaches Single-molecule Detection Material Organization , 2022 .

[120]  L. E. Scriven,et al.  Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self‐Assembly Work? , 2004 .

[121]  S. Romanov Electronic structure of the minimum-diameter Tl, Pb and Bi quantum wire superlattices , 1993 .

[122]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Plasma-etched nanopore polymer films and their use as templates to prepare "nano test tubes". , 2007, Small.

[123]  Jiahai Wang,et al.  Template-synthesized protein nanotubes. , 2005, Nano letters.

[124]  T. Mallouk,et al.  Template-Grown Metal Nanowires , 2006 .

[125]  B. Erné,et al.  Direct imaging of zero-field dipolar structures in colloidal dispersions of synthetic magnetite. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[126]  Seth Fraden,et al.  Entropically driven microphase transitions in mixtures of colloidal rods and spheres , 1998, Nature.

[127]  Jane F. Bertone,et al.  Single-Crystal Colloidal Multilayers of Controlled Thickness , 1999 .

[128]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod-, Arrow-, Teardrop-, and Tetrapod-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals , 2000 .

[129]  Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy,et al.  A general approach to binary and ternary hybrid nanocrystals. , 2006, Nano letters.

[130]  Oswald Prucker,et al.  Microstructuring of Molecularly Thin Polymer Layers by Photolithography , 1998 .

[131]  Cefe López,et al.  Materials Aspects of Photonic Crystals , 2003 .

[132]  L. White On the deryaguin approximation for the interaction of macrobodies , 1983 .

[133]  M. Wegener,et al.  Direct laser writing of three-dimensional photonic-crystal templates for telecommunications , 2004, Nature materials.

[134]  E. Kumacheva,et al.  Properties and emerging applications of self-assembled structures made from inorganic nanoparticles. , 2010, Nature nanotechnology.