Multichannel Transmission of Nonverbal Behavior and the Perception of Powerful Men: The Presidential Debates of 1976

This chapter is concerned with the role of nonverbal behavior in the self-presentation of men of known and established social power. It is focused on nonverbal behaviors emitted in a very specific and relatively unique situation, namely the presidential debates. These debates provide a national audience the opportunity to contrast and compare the stress-handling capabilities of two persons, each of whom seeks to convince the audience that the nation would prosper more in his or her competent and trustworthy hands than it would in those of the opponent.

[1]  E. Ponder,et al.  ON THE ACT OF BLINKING , 1927 .

[2]  R. Christie,et al.  Studies in Machiavellianism , 1970 .

[3]  P. Sainsbury.  Gestural Movement During Psychiatric Interview , 1955, Psychosomatic medicine.

[4]  G. Miller,et al.  The effect of variations in Nonfluency on audience ratings of source credibility , 1964 .

[5]  H. A. Witkin,et al.  The imprint of psychological differentiation on kinetic behavior in varying communicative contexts. , 1972, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  N. Anderson.  PRIMACY EFFECTS IN PERSONALITY IMPRESSION FORMATION USING A GENERALIZED ORDER EFFECT PARADIGM. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[7]  Hugh McGinley,et al.  The influence of a communicator's body position on opinion change in others. , 1975 .

[8]  G. O'keefe,et al.  First‐Time Voters: Do Media Matter? , 1980 .

[9]  R. Exline,et al.  Appropriate and background affect in facial displays of emotion. Comparison of normal and schizophrenic males. , 1976, Archives of general psychiatry.

[10]  M. Dimatteo,et al.  Perceived Bias in the Facial Expressions of Television News Broadcasters. , 1980 .

[11]  Jon Baggaley,et al.  Dynamics of television , 1976 .

[12]  M. Patterson,et al.  Nonverbal Behavior and Social Psychology , 1982 .

[13]  P. Ekman,et al.  The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding , 1969 .

[14]  Myron S. Clites.  Certain somatic activities in relation to successful and unsuccessful problem solving. , 1936 .

[15]  R. Exline,et al.  VISUAL BEHAVIOR IN A DYAD AS AFFECTED BY INTERVIEW CONTENT AND SEX OF RESPONDENT. , 1965, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[16]  S. Albert,et al.  Physical distance and persuasion. , 1970, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[17]  A. Mehrabian,et al.  Nonverval concomitants of perceived and intended persuasiveness. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[18]  John Thibaut,et al.  VISUAL INTERACTION IN RELATION TO MACHIAVELLIANISM AND AN UNETHICAL ACT. , 1966 .

[19]  David W. Addington.  The effect of vocal variations on ratings of source credibility , 1971 .

[20]  F. H. Kanfer.  Verbal rate, eyeblink, and content in structured psychiatric interviews. , 1960, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[21]  Hugh McGinley,et al.  Smiling, body position, and interpersonal attraction , 1978 .

[22]  M. Ostow,et al.  THE FREQUENCY OF BLINKING IN MENTAL ILLNESS: A MEASURABLE SOMATIC ASPECT OF ATTITUDE , 1945 .

[23]  D R MEYER,et al.  Incentive, anxiety, and the human blink rate. , 1953, Journal of experimental psychology.

[24]  J. Peterson,et al.  Controls of the eye-wink mechanism , 1931 .

[25]  N. Anderson,et al.  Primacy effects in personality impression formation. , 1961, Journal of abnormal and social psychology.

[26]  S. Beebe.  Eye contact: A nonverbal determinant of speaker credibility , 1974 .

[27]  P. Ellsworth,et al.  Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to a dyadic interaction. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[28]  L. Streeter,et al.  Effects of Pitch and Speech Rate on Personal Attributions , 1979 .

[29]  F. Heider.  The psychology of interpersonal relations , 1958 .

[30]  Klaus R. Scherer,et al.  The voice of confidence: Paralinguistic cues and audience evaluation. , 1973 .

[31]  R. Exline.  Explorations in the process of person perception: visual interaction in relation to competition, sex, and need for affiliation , 1963 .