Direct Costs of Bipolar Disorder Versus Other Chronic Conditions: An Employer-Based Health Plan Analysis

Objective:This study was a retrospective data-based analysis of health care utilization and costs for patients diagnosed as having bipolar disorder compared with patients with diagnoses of depression, diabetes, coronary artery disease, or asthma. Methods:Data were from an employer-based health plan. Consistent diagnosis and continuous enrollment from 2004 to 2007 were used to identify the study population (total N=7,511), including those with bipolar disorder (N=122), depression (N=1,290), asthma (N=2,770), coronary artery disease (N=1,759), diabetes (N=1,418), and diabetes with coronary artery disease (N=455). Resource utilization quantified as cost (total, specialty care, psychiatric outpatient) and number of visits (specialty care and outpatient psychiatric care) was compared across groups. Results:Patients with bipolar disorder had higher adjusted mean per member per month (PMPM) costs than any other comparison group except for those with both diabetes and coronary artery disease. The cost was predomi...

[1]  S. Saint,et al.  Specialty Care and the Patient-Centered Medical Home , 2011, Medical care.

[2]  Creating value in depression management. , 2010, Quality in primary care.

[3]  C. Rosen,et al.  Assessment of a Point‐of‐Care Metabolic Risk Screening Program in Outpatients Receiving Antipsychotic Agents , 2009, Pharmacotherapy.

[4]  Ming-Yu Fan,et al.  Long-term cost effects of collaborative care for late-life depression. , 2008, The American journal of managed care.

[5]  Alisa B. Busch,et al.  Bipolar-I depression outpatient treatment quality and costs in usual care practice. , 2008, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[6]  R. Kessler,et al.  Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. , 2007, Archives of general psychiatry.

[7]  K. Rajagopalan,et al.  The economic impact of bipolar disorder in an employed population from an employer perspective. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[8]  Linda McBride,et al.  Collaborative care for bipolar disorder: Part II. Impact on clinical outcome, function, and costs. , 2006, Psychiatric services.

[9]  K. Rajagopalan,et al.  Incurring greater health care costs: risk stratification of employees with bipolar disorder. , 2006, Primary care companion to the Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[10]  R. Wyatt,et al.  An economic evaluation of manic-depressive illness-1991 , 1995, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[11]  Kevin Hawkins,et al.  PHP35: AN ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY COST BURDEN OF THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS AFFECTING SIX LARGE CORPORATIONS IN 1999 , 2003 .

[12]  Ronald J Ozminkowski,et al.  The Health and Productivity Cost Burden of the “Top 10” Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting Six Large U.S. Employers in 1999 , 2003, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[13]  W. Manning,et al.  Estimating Log Models: To Transform or Not to Transform? , 1999, Journal of health economics.

[14]  M. Frye,et al.  The increasing use of polypharmacotherapy for refractory mood disorders: 22 years of study. , 2000, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[15]  J. Unützer,et al.  Health care utilization and costs among patients treated for bipolar disorder in an insured population. , 1999, Psychiatric services.

[16]  D. Rice,et al.  The Economic Burden of Affective Disorders , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[17]  R. Deyo,et al.  Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[18]  R. Deyo,et al.  ADAPTING A CLINICAL COMORBIDITY USE WITH ICD-g-CM ADMINISTRATIVE INDEX FOR DATABASES , 1992 .