A sensitive electrochemical sensor for direct phoxim detection based on an electrodeposited reduced graphene oxide–gold nanocomposite

The principal objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for phoxim detection based on a reduced graphene oxide–gold nanocomposite (RGO–Au) modified grassy carbon electrode (GCE). The proposed sensor was fabricated by pulsed electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide followed by chronoamperometric deposition of Au nanoparticles, and applied for the electrochemical detection of phoxim. The modified electrode was characterized by SEM, UV-vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The electrocatalytic activity of RGO–Au/GCE towards reduction of phoxim was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The results showed that the RGO–Au nanocomposite could greatly enhance the electrochemical reduction of phoxim. Under optimal conditions, the reduction peak current was proportional to phoxim concentration over a wide range between 0.01 and 10 μM, and the detection limit was 0.003 μM (S/N = 3). The proposed phoxim biosensor also exhibited excellent stability and reproducibility. In addition, the sensor was successfully employed for determining phoxim in a variety of food samples.

[1]  Xiaoli Zhang,et al.  Electrochemical sensor for epinephrine based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene/gold nanocomposites , 2012 .

[2]  E. Laviron.  General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems , 1979 .

[3]  W. Heineman,et al.  Carbon nanotube-loaded Nafion film electrochemical sensor for metal ions: europium. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  K. Girish Kumar,et al.  Development of an Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Amaranth: a Synthetic Dye in Soft Drinks , 2014, Food Analytical Methods.

[5]  Tao Chen,et al.  Temperature dependence of graphene oxide reduced by hydrazine hydrate , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[6]  R. K. Shervedani,et al.  Novel Graphene-Gold Hybrid Nanostructures Constructed via Sulfur Modified Graphene: Preparation and Characterization by Surface and Electrochemical Techniques , 2014 .

[7]  Tsuyoshi Nakajima,et al.  A new structure model of graphite oxide , 1988 .

[8]  Jun‐Jie Zhu,et al.  Fabrication of gold nanoparticles on bilayer graphene for glucose electrochemical biosensing , 2011 .

[9]  P. Liang,et al.  Dynamic liquid-phase microextraction with HPLC for the determination of phoxim in water samples. , 2006, Journal of separation science.

[10]  Jingkun Xu,et al.  A Novel L‐Cysteine Electrochemical Sensor Using Sulfonated Graphene‐poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) Composite Film Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles , 2014 .

[11]  G. Chaudhry,et al.  Microbiological and biotechnological aspects of metabolism of carbamates and organophosphates. , 1992, Critical reviews in biotechnology.

[12]  Aiwu Wang,et al.  Green biosynthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles by plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract their photocatalytic activity toward rhodamine B degradation , 2015 .

[13]  Miss A.O. Penney.  (b) , 1974, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[14]  V. E. Lewis,et al.  Structure-activity relationships in the hydrolysis of substrates by the phosphotriesterase from Pseudomonas diminuta. , 1989, Biochemistry.

[15]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.

[16]  A. Afkhami,et al.  A sensitive electrochemical sensor for rapid determination of methadone in biological fluids using carbon paste electrode modified with gold nanofilm. , 2014, Talanta.

[17]  Jinghua Yu,et al.  Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen based on three-dimensional macroporous gold nanoparticles/graphene composite platform and multienzyme functionalized nanoporous silver label. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[18]  Tian Gan,et al.  Electrochemical sensors based on graphene materials , 2011 .

[19]  P. Liang,et al.  Application of liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of phoxim in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector , 2005 .

[20]  Meifeng Chen,et al.  Electrochemical Determination of Phoxim in Food Samples Employing a Graphene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2014, Food Analytical Methods.

[21]  P. Liang,et al.  Use of Continuous-Flow Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Phoxim in Water Samples , 2005 .

[22]  Serge Kokot,et al.  Simultaneous enzymatic kinetic determination of pesticides, carbaryl and phoxim, with the aid of chemometrics. , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[23]  Ping Wu,et al.  Graphene-gold nanostructure composites fabricated by electrodeposition and their electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction and glucose oxidation , 2010 .

[24]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[25]  Ailin Liu,et al.  A sandwich-type DNA biosensor based on electrochemical co-reduction synthesis of graphene-three dimensional nanostructure gold nanocomposite films. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[26]  Huafeng Yang,et al.  Graphene/AuNPs/chitosan nanocomposites film for glucose biosensing. , 2010, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[27]  P. Yáñez‐Sedeño,et al.  Gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors , 2005, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[28]  Li Fu,et al.  Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract–assisted biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity , 2015 .

[29]  C. Hierold,et al.  Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy of single- and few-layer graphene. , 2006, Nano letters.

[30]  J. Weng,et al.  Ternary Composite of Hemin, Gold Nanoparticles and Graphene for Highly Efficient Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[31]  Jing Xu,et al.  Amperometric biosensor based on immobilized acetylcholinesterase on gold nanoparticles and silk fibroin modified platinum electrode for detection of methyl paraoxon, carbofuran and phoxim , 2009 .

[32]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Interaction between metal and graphene: dependence on the layer number of graphene. , 2011, ACS nano.

[33]  A. A. Abd El-Aty,et al.  Simultaneous determination of phoxim and its photo-transformation metabolite residues in eggs using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[34]  Q. Tran,et al.  A highly sensitive electrode modified with graphene, gold nanoparticles, and molecularly imprinted over-oxidized polypyrrole for electrochemical determination of dopamine , 2014 .

[35]  W. Marsden.  I and J , 2012 .

[36]  Jianfeng Chen,et al.  Green synthesis and photo-catalytic performances for ZnO-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. , 2013, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[37]  Zhaolin Lv,et al.  Improved determination of phoxim residue in stored wheat by HPLC with DAD. , 2009, Journal of food science.

[38]  Tong Zhang,et al.  A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on NiO hollow spheres , 2013 .

[39]  W. Cai,et al.  Electrodeposition of Ag dendrites/AgCl hybrid film as a novel photodetector , 2015 .

[40]  S. Hur,et al.  One-pot synthesis of a reduced graphene oxide–zinc oxide sphere composite and its use as a visible light photocatalyst , 2013 .

[41]  E. Laviron,et al.  Adsorption, autoinhibition and autocatalysis in polarography and in linear potential sweep voltammetry , 1974 .

[42]  Jian-ping Xu,et al.  Direct detection of phoxim in water by two-dimensional correlation near-infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis. , 2012, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.

[43]  Minghui Yang,et al.  Direct determination of pesticides in vegetable samples using gold nanoelectrode ensembles , 2008 .

[44]  H. Nau,et al.  Determination of phoxim residues in eggs by using high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection after treatment of stocked housing facilities for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). , 2007, Analytica chimica acta.

[45]  K R Rogers,et al.  Biosensors for direct determination of organophosphate pesticides. , 2001, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[46]  Zhaoxia Wang,et al.  Electrochemical detection of dopamine in the presence of epinephrine, uric acid and ascorbic acid using a graphene-modified electrode , 2012 .

[47]  W. Cai,et al.  Photocatalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline over tungsten oxide-silver nanowires , 2015 .

[48]  J. Tascón,et al.  Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[49]  T. R. Roberts,et al.  Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals , 1999 .