Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments.

The ecological roles of humans in marine communities have been poorly studied. Humans have special characteristics, such as culture, and are perceived as complex ecological actors. Observations and experiments conducted in coastal (rocky intertidal and nearshore) 'no-take' areas or reserves in Chile and around the world have permitted a better understanding of the role played by humans as top predators and the resulting trophic-cascade effects along the food-webs. These studies have revealed an urgent need to incorporate humans into ecological studies and have helped to promote links between ecology and social sciences.

[1]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity , 1985 .

[2]  C. Moreno,et al.  Indirect effects of human exclusion from the rocky intertidal in southern Chile: a case of cross-linkage between herbivores , 1989 .

[3]  B. Menge,et al.  Control of Interaction Strength in Marine Benthic Communities , 1996 .

[4]  G. Polis,et al.  Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics , 1997 .

[5]  R. Paine.  Food webs : linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure , 1980 .

[6]  J. Castilla,et al.  Barnacle walls as mediators of intertidal mussel recruitment: effects of patch size on the utilization of space , 1990 .

[7]  Juan Carlos Castilla Zenobi.  Artisanal "Caletas" As Units of Production and Co-Managers of Benthic Invertebrates in Chile , 1997 .

[8]  R. E. Johannes.  In-Depth Solution Coverage Government-supported, Village-based Management of Marine Resources in Vanuatu , 1998 .

[9]  C. Pfister,et al.  Harvesting Red Sea Urchins: Recent Effects and Future Predictions , 1996 .

[10]  P. Hockey.  Man as a Component of the Littoral Predator Spectrum: A Conceptual Overview , 1994 .

[11]  J. C. Castilla.  La futura red chilena de parques y reservas marinas y los conceptos de conservacion, preservacion y manejo en la legislacion nacional , 1996 .

[12]  J. Castilla,et al.  Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda) , 1985 .

[13]  J. Castilla,et al.  The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems , 1997 .

[14]  Juan Carlos Castilla,et al.  Small-scale benthic fisheries in chile: on co-management and sustainable use of benthic invertebrates , 1998 .

[15]  Robert J. Naiman,et al.  Animal Influences on Ecosystem DynamicsLarge animals are more than passive components of ecological systems , 1988 .

[16]  L. Addessi.  Human Disturbance and Long-Term Changes on a Rocky Intertidal Community , 1994 .

[17]  J. C. Castilla.  Perspectivas de investigación en estructura y dinámica de comunidades intermareales rocosas de Chile central. II. Depredadores de alto nivel trófico , 1981 .

[18]  J. Castilla,et al.  The effect of human exclusion on the population structure of key-hole limpets Fissurella crassa and F. Limbata on the coast of central Chile , 1986 .

[19]  J. Castilla,et al.  Intensity of Human Predation on Rocky Shores at Las Cruces in Central Chile , 1987, Environmental Conservation.

[20]  L. Slobodkin,et al.  Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition , 1960, The American Naturalist.

[21]  C. Moreno,et al.  Man as a predator in the intertidal zone of southern Chile , 1984 .

[22]  J. Castilla,et al.  Challenges in the Quest for Keystones , 1996 .

[23]  C. Moreno.  Un resumen de las consecuencias ecologicas de la exclusion del hombre en la zona intermareal de mehuin - chile , 1986 .

[24]  J. Castilla,et al.  Exploitation of Two Critical Predators: The Gastropod Concholepas concholepas and the Rock Lobster Jasus lalandii , 1994 .

[25]  L. Durán,et al.  Variation and persistence of the middle rocky intertidal community of central Chile, with and without human harvesting , 1989 .

[26]  James T. Carlton,et al.  Biological Invasions and Cryptogenic Species , 1996 .

[27]  G. M. Branch,et al.  Notes on the Ecology of Patella Concolor and Cellana Capensis, and the Effects of Human Consumption on Limpet Populations , 1975 .

[28]  Juan Carlos Castilla Zenobi.  The Chilean Small-Scale Benthic Shellfisheries and the Institutionalization of New Management Practices , 1994 .

[29]  A. Jl,et al.  Tridimensional matrices of mussels Perumytilus purpuratus on intertidal platforms with varying wave forces in central Chile , 1996 .

[30]  N. S. Smith,et al.  Sea Otter Predation and Community Organization in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska , 1978 .

[31]  W. Siegfried.  Rocky Shores: Exploitation in Chile and South Africa , 1994, Ecological Studies.

[32]  A. Underwood,et al.  Humans as predators on rocky reefs in new south wales australia , 1991 .

[33]  C. Walters.  Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems , 1997 .

[34]  R. Paine,et al.  Marine rocky shores and community ecology : an experimentalist's perspective , 1995 .

[35]  J. Castilla,et al.  Human exclusion from rocky intertidal of Las Cruces, central Chile: effects on Durvillaea antarctica (Phaeophyta, Durvilleales) , 1989 .

[36]  Donald Ludwig,et al.  The Limits of Applied Ecological Research. , 1993, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[37]  Steward T. A. Pickett,et al.  Humans as Components of Ecosystems , 1993, Springer New York.

[38]  E. Pennisi.  Brighter Prospects for the World's Coral Reefs? , 1997, Science.

[39]  Bryan G. Norton,et al.  IMPROVING ECOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF ECOLOGISTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY FORMATION , 1998 .

[40]  G. Hardin,et al.  The Tragedy of the Commons , 1968, Green Planet Blues.

[41]  Tinker,et al.  Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems , 1998, Science.

[42]  J. Castilla.  Earthquake-Caused Coastal Uplift and Its Effects on Rocky Intertidal Kelp Communities , 1988, Science.