Long-range transport of acidifying substances in East Asia—Part II. Source-receptor relationships

Abstract Region-to-grid source–receptor (S/R) relationships are established for sulfur and reactive nitrogen deposition in East Asia, using the Eulerian-type Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with emission and meteorology data for 2001. We proposed a source region attribution methodology by analyzing the non-linear responses of the CMAQ model to emission changes. Sensitivity simulations were conducted where emissions of SO2, NO x , and primary particles from a source region were reduced by 25%. The difference between the base and sensitivity simulations was multiplied by a factor of four, and then defined as the contribution from that source region. The transboundary influence exhibits strong seasonal variation and generally peaks during the dry seasons. Long-range transport from eastern China contributes a significant percentage ( > 20 % ) of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen as well as sulfur deposition in East Asia. At the same time, northwestern China receives approximately 35% of its sulfur load and 45% of its nitrogen load from foreign emissions. Sulfur emissions from Miyakejima and other volcanoes contribute approximately 50% of the sulfur load in Japan in 2001. Sulfur inflows from regions outside the study domain, which is attributed by using boundary conditions derived from the MOZART global atmospheric chemistry model, are pronounced (10–40%) over most parts of Asia. Compared with previous studies using simple Lagrangian models, our results indicate higher influence from long-range transport. The estimated S/R relationships are believed to be more realistic since they include global influence as well as internal interactions among different parts of China.

[1]  R. Martin,et al.  Sources of tropospheric ozone along the Asian Pacific Rim: An analysis of ozonesonde observations , 2002 .

[2]  Michael Q. Wang,et al.  An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000 , 2003 .

[3]  Hajime Akimoto,et al.  Trans-Eurasian transport of ozone and its precursors , 2004 .

[4]  D. Byun,et al.  Review of the Governing Equations, Computational Algorithms, and Other Components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System , 2006 .

[5]  M. Evans,et al.  Seasonal changes in pollutant transport to the North Pacific: The relative importance of Asian and European sources , 2000 .

[6]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  The Indian Ocean Experiment: Widespread Air Pollution from South and Southeast Asia , 2001, Science.

[7]  Magnuz Engardt,et al.  Country to country transport of anthropogenic sulphur in Southeast Asia , 2005 .

[8]  H. Ueda,et al.  MICS-Asia II: Impact of global emissions on regional air quality in Asia , 2008 .

[9]  Jenise L. Swall,et al.  An assessment of the ability of three‐dimensional air quality models with current thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict aerosol NO3− , 2005 .

[10]  Jung-Hun Woo,et al.  The MICS-Asia study: Model intercomparison of long-range transport and sulfur deposition in East Asia , 2002 .

[11]  Yoichi Ichikawa,et al.  An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia , 1995 .

[12]  H. Ueda,et al.  Impacts of the eruption of Miyakejima Volcano on air quality over far east Asia , 2004 .

[13]  Paul Ginoux,et al.  Assessment of the global impact of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants , 2005 .

[14]  F. Binkowski,et al.  Models-3 community multiscale air quality (cmaq) model aerosol component , 2003 .

[15]  D. Byun.  Science algorithms of the EPA Models-3 community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system , 1999 .

[16]  R. C. Gregory,et al.  INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN SULFUR DEPOSITION IN ASIA , 2001 .

[17]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Interannual variability of the Indian winter monsoon circulation and consequences for pollution levels , 2002 .

[18]  G. Grell,et al.  A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) , 1994 .

[19]  Anton Eliassen,et al.  The oecd study of long range transport of air pollutants: Long range transport modelling , 1978 .

[20]  Paul J. Crutzen,et al.  Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NO x , O3, and OH , 1993 .

[21]  G. Carmichael,et al.  Contribution of biomass and biofuel emissions to trace gas distributions in Asia during the TRACE‐P experiment , 2003 .

[22]  John C. Gille,et al.  Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results , 2003 .

[23]  G. Carmichael,et al.  Transfer of reactive nitrogen in Asia: development and evaluation of a source-receptor model , 2002 .

[24]  Gregory R. Carmichael,et al.  Seasonal source: Receptor relationships in Asia , 1998 .

[25]  S. Kanae,et al.  Long-range transport of acidifying substances in East Asia—Part I: Model evaluation and sensitivity studies , 2008 .

[26]  Yoichi Ichikawa,et al.  A Long-Range Transport Model for East Asia to Estimate Sulfur Deposition in Japan , 1998 .

[27]  D. Jacob,et al.  Asian chemical outflow to the Pacific in spring: Origins, pathways, and budgets , 2001 .

[28]  Huang Mei-yuan,et al.  Modeling studies on sulfur deposition and transport in East Asia , 1995 .