Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil of rice–rice system under long term application of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure

Abstract Quantitative information on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization of soil under different long term nutrient management strategies is essential for better assessment of N availability and loss of C and N from soil. A laboratory incubation study was conducted with soils (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depth), collected from 41 years of rice–rice system to evaluate the differences in C and N mineralization kinetics due to long term fertilization treatments-control (Non fertilized), N, NPK, FYM (Farmyard manure), N + FYM and NPK + FYM, and to assess the C and N mineralization rates in soil under different moisture regimes, i.e. aerobic and submergence. Both long term fertilization and moisture regime significantly affected C and N mineralization in soil. Long term integrated application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure (NPK + FYM, N + FYM) in soil resulted in higher potentially mineralizable C (C 0 ), potentially mineralizable N (N 0 ), rates of mineralization ( d C min / dt and d N min / dt ), microbial and mineralization quotients as compared to either of them applied alone (N, NPK, and FYM). Higher values of C 0 , N 0 , and rates of mineralization were recorded under aerobic condition than that under submergence. The amount of N released per unit C mineralization was higher in aerobic system that may result in greater loss of N from the system. A judicious N application strategy through integration of both organic and inorganic sources is essential for improving current N supplying capacity of soil and maintaining soil organic C pool in aerobic system.

[1]  J. Maul,et al.  Mineralizable soil nitrogen and labile soil organic matter in diverse long-term cropping systems , 2011, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[2]  M. Beare,et al.  Temperature and Moisture Effects on Microbial Biomass and Soil Organic Matter Mineralization , 2012 .

[3]  P. Brookes,et al.  AN EXTRACTION METHOD FOR MEASURING SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS C , 1987 .

[4]  R. Amundson,et al.  A multiisotope C and N modeling analysis of soil organic matter turnover and transport as a function of soil depth in a California annual grassland soil chronosequence , 2002 .

[5]  D. Benbi,et al.  Quantifying the effect of soil organic matter on indigenous soil N supply and wheat productivity in semiarid sub-tropical India , 2007, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[6]  Ajit Kumar Nayak,et al.  Long-term effect of different integrated nutrient management on soil organic carbon and its fractions and sustainability of rice–wheat system in Indo Gangetic Plains of India , 2012 .

[7]  D. W. Nelson,et al.  Nitrogen—Inorganic Forms , 2015 .

[8]  H. Ouyang,et al.  Effects of Temperature and Water Saturation on CO2 Production and Nitrogen Mineralization in Alpine Wetland Soils , 2009 .

[9]  Changrong Yan,et al.  Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China , 2010 .

[10]  R. R. Simard,et al.  Nitrogen-mineralization potential of meadow soils , 1993 .

[11]  G. Pan,et al.  Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2 under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil , 2007 .

[12]  B. Griffiths,et al.  Carbon mineralization kinetics and soil biological characteristics as influenced by manure addition in soil incubated at a range of temperatures , 2011 .

[13]  D. Benbi,et al.  Modeling Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics in Arable Soils of Semiarid India , 2003 .

[14]  J. Iqbal,et al.  Carbon dioxide emissions from Ultisol under different land uses in mid–subtropical China , 2009 .

[15]  Martin Kehl,et al.  Effect of a long-term cultivation and crop rotations on organic carbon in loess derived soils of Golestan Province, Northern Iran , 2011 .

[16]  T. L. Chow,et al.  Prediction of Soil Nitrogen Supply in Potato Fields in a Cool Humid Climate , 2011 .

[17]  B. Bouman,et al.  Performance of aerobic rice varieties under irrigated conditions in North China , 2006 .

[18]  C. Rice,et al.  Estimating Soil Mineralizable Nitrogen under Different Management Practices , 2006 .

[19]  G. Ågren,et al.  Using the continuous‐quality theory to predict microbial biomass and soil organic carbon following organic amendments , 2004 .

[20]  M. Moscatelli,et al.  Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in organic and conventional three-year cropping systems , 2010 .

[21]  Susan E. Trumbore,et al.  AGE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND SOIL RESPIRATION: RADIOCARBON CONSTRAINTS ON BELOWGROUND C DYNAMICS , 2000 .

[22]  R. J. Haynes,et al.  Labile organic matter fractions and aggregate stability under short-term, grass-based leys , 1999 .

[23]  Jeffrey B. Endelman,et al.  A New Decay Series for Organic Crop Production , 2010 .

[24]  G. Robertson,et al.  Soil carbon and nitrogen availability: Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, and soil respiration potentials , 1999 .

[25]  W. Horwath,et al.  Stabilization of 13C‐Carbon and Immobilization of 15N‐Nitrogen from Rice Straw in Humic Fractions , 2003 .

[26]  L. Bakken,et al.  Carbon and nitrogen mineralization dynamics in different soils of the tropics amended with legume residues and contrasting soil moisture contents , 2011, Biology and Fertility of Soils.

[27]  J. Galantini,et al.  Long-term fertilization effects on soil organic matter quality and dynamics under different production systems in semiarid Pampean soils , 2006 .

[28]  A. Franzluebbers,et al.  Soil Organic Carbon, Microbial Biomass, and Mineralizable Carbon and Nitrogen in Sorghum , 1995 .

[29]  A. Dobermann,et al.  How widespread are yield declines in long-term rice experiments in Asia? , 2000 .

[30]  D. J. Ross.  Measurements of microbial biomass c and n in grassland soils by fumigation-incubation procedures: influence of inoculum size and the control , 1990 .

[31]  A. Dobermann,et al.  Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia , 2002, Plant and Soil.

[32]  K. Sahrawat.  Nitrogen mineralization in lowland rice soils: The role of organic matter quantity and quality , 2010 .

[33]  Zhongpei Li,et al.  Differences in Organic C Mineralization Between Aerobic and Submerged Conditions in Paddy Soils of Southern Jiangsu Province, China , 2011 .

[34]  R. Fani,et al.  Diversity of heterotrophic aerobic cultivable microbial communities of soils treated with fumigants and dynamics of metabolic, microbial, and mineralization quotients , 2008, Biology and Fertility of Soils.

[35]  K. Sahrawat.  Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils , 2003 .

[36]  B. Linquist,et al.  Benefits of organic residues and chemical fertilizer to productivity of rain-fed lowland rice and to soil nutrient balances , 2007, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[37]  T. Adhikari,et al.  Nutrient dynamics, crop productivity and sustainability under long term fertilizer experiments in India , 2004 .

[38]  K. Domsch,et al.  Soil microbial biomass: The eco-physiological approach , 2010 .

[39]  M. Moscatelli,et al.  Soil microbial indices as bioindicators of environmental changes in a poplar plantation , 2005 .

[40]  Ray R. Weil,et al.  Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: A simplified method for laboratory and field use , 2003 .

[41]  F. Nourbakhsh,et al.  A kinetic approach to evaluate salinity effects on carbon mineralization in a plant residue-amended soil , 2006, Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B.

[42]  J. Six,et al.  Organic Matter Turnover , 2005 .

[43]  A. Saviozzi,et al.  Carbon mineralization kinetics as influenced by soil properties , 1996, Biology and Fertility of Soils.