Analysis of axial‐induction‐based wind plant control using an engineering and a high‐order wind plant model

Wind turbines are typically operated to maximize their performance without considering the impact of wake effects on nearby turbines. Wind plant control concepts aim to increase overall wind plant performance by coordinating the operation of the turbines. This paper focuses on axial-induction-based wind plant control techniques, in which the generator torque or blade pitch degrees of freedom of the wind turbines are adjusted. The paper addresses discrepancies between a high-order wind plant model and an engineering wind plant model. Changes in the engineering model are proposed to better capture the effects of axial-induction-based control shown in the high-order model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Wind farm control: Addressing the aerodynamic interaction among wind turbines , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[2]  Mato Baotic,et al.  Quasi-stationary optimal control for wind farm with closely spaced turbines , 2012, 2012 Proceedings of the 35th International Convention MIPRO.

[3]  Muyiwa S. Adaramola,et al.  Experimental investigation of wake effects on wind turbine performance , 2011 .

[4]  Thomas Bak,et al.  Prediction models for wind speed at turbine locations in a wind farm , 2011 .

[5]  Kincho H. Law,et al.  Wind farm power maximization based on a cooperative static game approach , 2013, Smart Structures.

[6]  Rebecca J. Barthelmie,et al.  Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm , 2010 .

[7]  Jan-Willem van Wingerden,et al.  Comparison of actuation methods for wake control in wind plants , 2015, 2015 American Control Conference (ACC).

[8]  J G Schepers,et al.  Improved modelling of wake aerodynamics and assessment of new farm control strategies , 2007 .

[9]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Evaluating techniques for redirecting turbine wakes using SOWFA , 2014 .

[10]  Douglas DeVoto.  Performance and Reliability of Bonded Interfaces for High-Temperature Packaging; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) , 2015 .

[11]  Fernando D. Bianchi,et al.  Wind Turbine Control Systems: Principles, Modelling and Gain Scheduling Design , 2006 .

[12]  Torben J. Larsen,et al.  Wake meandering: a pragmatic approach , 2008 .

[13]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Evaluating wake models for wind farm control , 2014, 2014 American Control Conference.

[14]  J. Jonkman,et al.  Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development , 2009 .

[15]  Robert Flemming Mikkelsen,et al.  Large-eddy simulations of the Lillgrund wind farm , 2013 .

[16]  Jan-Åke Dahlberg,et al.  Potential improvement of wind turbine array efficiency by active wake control (AWC) , 2003 .

[17]  E. Migoya,et al.  Application of a LES technique to characterize the wake deflection of a wind turbine in yaw , 2009 .

[18]  J. Michalakes,et al.  A numerical study of the effects of atmospheric and wake turbulence on wind turbine dynamics , 2012 .

[19]  N. Jensen.  A note on wind generator interaction , 1983 .

[20]  P. Schaak.  Heat ampersand Flux. Enabling the Wind Turbine Controller , 2006 .

[21]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Assessment of Extremum Seeking Control for Wind Farm Energy Production , 2012 .

[22]  Jason R. Marden,et al.  A data-driven model for wind plant power optimization by yaw control , 2014, 2014 American Control Conference.

[23]  Henrik Alfredsson,et al.  Measurements on a wind turbine wake: 3D effects and bluff body vortex shedding , 2006 .

[24]  Thomas Bak,et al.  Survey of wind farm control - power and fatigue optimization , 2015 .

[25]  J. Højstrup,et al.  A Simple Model for Cluster Efficiency , 1987 .

[26]  Rebecca J. Barthelmie,et al.  Analytical modelling of wind speed deficit in large offshore wind farms , 2006 .

[27]  J. W. van Wingerden,et al.  Maximum power‐point tracking control for wind farms , 2015 .

[28]  B. Koren,et al.  Review of computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine wake aerodynamics , 2011 .

[29]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  The effect of atmospheric stability on wind-turbine wakes: A large-eddy simulation study , 2014 .

[30]  J. W. van Wingerden,et al.  A Control-Oriented Dynamic Model for Wakes in Wind Plants , 2014 .

[31]  A distributed optimization framework for wind farms , 2013 .

[32]  S. Loyer,et al.  Spatial study of the wake meandering using modelled wind turbines in a wind tunnel , 2011 .

[33]  Fernando Porté-Agel,et al.  Turbulent Flow Inside and Above a Wind Farm: A Wind-Tunnel Study , 2011 .

[34]  Jason R. Marden,et al.  A Model-Free Approach to Wind Farm Control Using Game Theoretic Methods , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology.

[35]  John Lygeros,et al.  Model based power optimisation of wind farms , 2014, 2014 European Control Conference (ECC).

[36]  Johan Meyers,et al.  Analysis of turbulent flow properties and energy fluxes in optimally controlled wind-farm boundary layers , 2014 .

[37]  L. Machielse,et al.  Controlling Wind in ECN`s Scaled Wind Farm , 2012 .

[38]  M. Soltani,et al.  Aeolus Toolbox for Dynamics Wind Farm Model, Simulation and Control , 2010 .

[39]  Kathryn E. Johnson,et al.  Simulation comparison of wake mitigation control strategies for a two‐turbine case , 2015 .

[40]  J. Meyers,et al.  Optimal control of energy extraction in wind-farm boundary layers , 2015, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[41]  Stefano Leonardi,et al.  A large-eddy simulation of wind-plant aerodynamics , 2012 .