The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Its Relevance for Adolescents

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC, United Nations General Assembly, 1989) is a transformative document which has already improved the lives of millions of young people worldwide. Ratified into law by the majority of the countries of the world, it is the first human rights treaty focusing specifically on the rights of individuals under 18 years of age. The rights described in the treaty, however, are often seen as more important for younger children than for adolescents. This policy statement reviews the germane research on the period of adolescence and affirms that the protections and entitlements in the CRC are as important for adolescents as for younger children. Recommendations for policy and research are included.

[1]  Megan E. Patrick,et al.  What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[2]  L. Lundy The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Child Well-Being , 2013 .

[3]  C. C. Helwig,et al.  Rights, Civil Liberties, and Democracy , 2013 .

[4]  D. Keating Cognitive and brain development. , 2013 .

[5]  Ashley R. Smith,et al.  Impact of socio-emotional context, brain development, and pubertal maturation on adolescent risk-taking , 2013, Hormones and Behavior.

[6]  P. Uhlhaas,et al.  Brain development during adolescence: neuroscientific insights into this developmental period. , 2013, Deutsches Arzteblatt international.

[7]  S. Ameratunga,et al.  Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide Attempt Among Indigenous Māori Youth in New Zealand: The Role of Family Connection , 2013 .

[8]  J. Diers Why the World Needs to Get Serious About Adolescents: A View From UNICEF , 2013 .

[9]  P. Hall,et al.  Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era , 2013 .

[10]  D. Keating,et al.  National differences in population health and development , 2013 .

[11]  M. Jordans,et al.  Reintegration of child soldiers in Burundi: a tracer study , 2012, BMC Public Health.

[12]  F. Earls,et al.  Enhancing adolescent self-efficacy and collective efficacy through public engagement around HIV/AIDS competence: a multilevel, cluster randomized-controlled trial. , 2012, Social science & medicine.

[13]  D. Keating Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence , 2012 .

[14]  Nicholas B. Allen,et al.  Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders , 2012, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[15]  Sarah-Jayne Blakemore,et al.  Adolescence: a foundation for future health , 2012, The Lancet.

[16]  L. Lundy,et al.  Childhood, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Research: What Constitutes a 'Rights-Based' Approach? , 2012 .

[17]  H. Seif "Unapologetic and unafraid": immigrant youth come out from the shadows. , 2011, New directions for child and adolescent development.

[18]  W. Collins,et al.  Autonomy, Development of , 2011 .

[19]  Richard A. Mendel No Place for Kids: The Case for Reducing Juvenile Incarceration , 2011 .

[20]  F. Earls,et al.  A health promotion curriculum for adolescent young citizens: deliberation and public action for HIV/AIDS-competent communities. , 2011, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[21]  F. Earls Toward a science of citizenship. , 2011, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[22]  T. Kaime The Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Cultural Legitimacy Critique , 2011 .

[23]  Colleen Poon,et al.  Enacted Stigma, Problem Substance Use, and Protective Factors among Asian Sexual Minority Youth in British Columbia , 2011 .

[24]  A. Stein,et al.  Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low-income and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors , 2011, The Lancet.

[25]  H. Tenenbaum,et al.  South African Mixed-Race Children's and Mothers' Judgments and Reasoning about Children's Nurturance and Self-Determination Rights. , 2011 .

[26]  G. Šimić,et al.  Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[27]  T. Betancourt,et al.  Sierra Leone's child soldiers: war exposures and mental health problems by gender. , 2011, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[28]  E. Ford-Jones,et al.  Homeless youth's overwhelming health burden: A review of the literature. , 2011, Paediatrics & child health.

[29]  E. M. Euser,et al.  A Global Perspective on Child Sexual Abuse: Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Around the World , 2011, Child maltreatment.

[30]  E. Saewyc RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENT SEXUAL ORIENTATION: DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH DISPARITIES, STIGMA AND RESILIENCE. , 2011, Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence.

[31]  E. Saewyc,et al.  4. Profile of High School Students Exchanging Sex for Substances in Rural Canada , 2011 .

[32]  D. Hart,et al.  American Sixteen- and Seventeen-Year-Olds Are Ready to Vote , 2011 .

[33]  J. Torney-Purta,et al.  Participatory Niches for Emergent Citizenship in Early Adolescence: An International Perspective , 2011 .

[34]  F. Earls Children: From Rights to Citizenship , 2011 .

[35]  F. Earls,et al.  Adolescents as Deliberative Citizens: Building Health Competence in Local Communities , 2011 .

[36]  B. Casey,et al.  Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders. , 2010, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[37]  Hinda Seif,et al.  The Civic Life of Latina/o Immigrant Youth: Challenging Boundaries and Creating Safe Spaces , 2010 .

[38]  J. Wolak,et al.  Conceptualizing Juvenile Prostitution as Child Maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study , 2010, Child maltreatment.

[39]  Susan M Sawyer,et al.  Global patterns of mortality in young people: a systematic analysis of population health data , 2009, The Lancet.

[40]  H. Yoshikawa,et al.  The influence of student perceptions of school climate on socioemotional and academic adjustment: a comparison of chinese and american adolescents. , 2009, Child development.

[41]  C. C. Helwig,et al.  Mainland Chinese Adolescents' Judgments and Reasoning about Self‐determination and Nurturance Rights , 2009 .

[42]  M. King,et al.  Indigenous health part 1: determinants and disease patterns , 2009, The Lancet.

[43]  L. Steinberg,et al.  Adolescent Development and the Regulation of Youth Crime , 2008, The Future of children.

[44]  I. Cherney,et al.  Children's nurturance and self-determination rights: A cross-cultural perspective , 2008 .

[45]  Mona Khoury-Kassabri,et al.  Adolescents' Approach toward Children's Rights: Comparison among Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Children in Jerusalem , 2008 .

[46]  Stacey S. Horn,et al.  Charting the Landscape of Children's Rights , 2008 .

[47]  G. Melton Beyond Balancing: Toward an Integrated Approach to Children's Rights , 2008 .

[48]  C. Daiute The Rights of Children, the Rights of Nations: Developmental Theory and the Politics of Children's Rights , 2008 .

[49]  M. Ruck,et al.  Studying Children's Perspectives on Self‐Determination and Nurturance Rights: Issues and Challenges , 2008 .

[50]  L. Sherrod,et al.  Citizenship attitudes and allegiances in diverse youth. , 2008, Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology.

[51]  M. Verkuyten,et al.  Muslim and non-Muslim adolescents' reasoning about freedom of speech and minority rights. , 2008, Child development.

[52]  T. Joyce,et al.  Misclassification bias and the estimated effect of parental involvement laws on adolescents' reproductive outcomes. , 2008, American journal of public health.

[53]  Mary Carlson,et al.  Young citizens as health agents: use of drama in promoting community efficacy for HIV/AIDS. , 2008, American journal of public health.

[54]  G. Flores,et al.  Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Medical and Dental Health, Access to Care, and Use of Services in US Children , 2008, Pediatrics.

[55]  H. R. Gordon Gendered Paths to Teenage Political Participation , 2008 .

[56]  J. Rhodes,et al.  Students’ Perceptions of School Climate During the Middle School Years: Associations with Trajectories of Psychological and Behavioral Adjustment , 2007, American journal of community psychology.

[57]  R. Viner,et al.  Pubertal transitions in health , 2007, The Lancet.

[58]  J. Mason,et al.  Children’s conceptualisation(s) of their well-being , 2007 .

[59]  A. Bryman Barriers to Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research , 2007 .

[60]  D. Hallfors,et al.  Prevalence and correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among adolescents in the United States , 2006, Sexually Transmitted Infections.

[61]  E. Saewyc,et al.  Sexual exploitation of very young Hmong girls. , 2006, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[62]  Asher Ben-Arieh,et al.  Where are the Children? Children’s Role in Measuring and Monitoring Their Well-Being , 2005 .

[63]  Ojmarrh Mitchell,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies , 2005 .

[64]  G. Melton Treating Children Like People: A Framework for Research and Advocacy , 2005, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[65]  D. Finkelhor,et al.  The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey , 2005, Child maltreatment.

[66]  Susheela Singh,et al.  Adolescents' reports of parental knowledge of adolescents' use of sexual health services and their reactions to mandated parental notification for prescription contraception. , 2005, JAMA.

[67]  Elizabeth F. Emens Aggravating Youth: Roper v Simmons and Age Discrimination , 2005, The Supreme Court Review.

[68]  Christine Markham,et al.  Projected economic costs due to health consequences of teenagers' loss of confidentiality in obtaining reproductive health care services in Texas. , 2004, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[69]  M. Gaffney,et al.  Health rights in secondary schools: student and staff perspectives. , 2004, Health education research.

[70]  C. C. Helwig,et al.  A constructivist approach to understanding the development of reasoning about rights and authority within cultural contexts , 2002 .

[71]  D. Reddy,et al.  Effect of mandatory parental notification on adolescent girls' use of sexual health care services. , 2002, JAMA.

[72]  C. Ford,et al.  Limiting confidentiality of adolescent health services: what are the risks? , 2002, JAMA.

[73]  M. Levinson The Development of Autonomy , 2002 .

[74]  F. Veiga Students' Perceptions of Their Rights in Portugal , 2001 .

[75]  E. Turiel,et al.  Concepts of freedoms and rights in a traditional, hierarchically organized society , 1998 .

[76]  D. Keating,et al.  Adolescents' and children's knowledge about rights: some evidence for how young people view rights in their own lives. , 1998, Journal of adolescence.

[77]  E. Masini,et al.  Children's participation: The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care , 1998 .

[78]  F. Casas Children's Rights and Children's Quality of Life: Conceptual and Practical Issues , 1997 .

[79]  B. Halpern-Felsher,et al.  Influence of physician confidentiality assurances on adolescents' willingness to disclose information and seek future health care. A randomized controlled trial. , 1997, JAMA.

[80]  V. Murphy-Berman,et al.  U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child: A cross-cultural view. , 1996 .

[81]  G. Melton The child's right to a family environment. Why children's rights and family values are compatible. , 1996, The American psychologist.

[82]  S. Limber,et al.  The U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child: Its Relevance for Social Scientists , 1995 .

[83]  L. Steinberg,et al.  Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. , 1989, Child development.

[84]  U. Lindenberger,et al.  Cognitive Development , 2014, Front. Young Minds..

[85]  R. Cummins Understanding the well-being of Children and Adolescents Through Homeostatic Theory , 2014 .

[86]  J. Korbin,et al.  Multifaceted Concept of Child Well-Being , 2014 .

[87]  E. Saewyc,et al.  Competing Discourses about Youth Sexual Exploitation in Canadian News Media. , 2013, The Canadian journal of human sexuality.

[88]  Shalhevet Attar-Schwartz,et al.  An ecological approach to children's rights and participation: interrelationships and correlates of rights in different ecological systems. , 2013, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[89]  C. C. Helwig,et al.  Children’s Perspectives on Nurturance and Self-Determination Rights: Implications for Development and Well-Being , 2013 .

[90]  G. Bouchard Social Resilience in the Neo-Liberal Era: Neoliberalism in Québec , 2013 .

[91]  M. Ashtari,et al.  Brain Development During Adolescence , 2012 .

[92]  E. Saewyc,et al.  A profile of high school students in rural Canada who exchange sex for substances. , 2012, The Canadian journal of human sexuality.

[93]  D. Finkelhor Prevalence of child victimization, abuse, crime, and violence exposure. , 2011 .

[94]  Roger J. R. Levesque,et al.  Encyclopedia of adolescence , 2011 .

[95]  A. Shumba,et al.  Children's Rights: How Much Do Zimbabwe Urban Secondary School Pupils Know? , 2011 .

[96]  J. Frederick Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Boys in South Asia. A review of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses , 2010 .

[97]  Camilla Ida Ravnbøl Intersectional Discrimination against Children: Discrimination against Romani children and anti-discrimination measures to address child trafficking , 2009 .

[98]  C. C. Helwig,et al.  Mainland Chinese and Canadian adolescents’ judgments and reasoning about the fairness of democratic and other forms of government , 2007 .

[99]  Andrea Taylor-Butts,et al.  Victimization and offending among the Aboriginal population in Canada by , 2006 .

[100]  Siegfried Hoppe-Graff,et al.  Understanding Rights and Duties in Different Cultures and Contexts: Observations From German and Korean Adolescents. , 2005 .

[101]  W. Pedersen,et al.  Children and adolescents who sell sex: a community study. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[102]  Anne B. Smith,et al.  Rights important to young people: Secondary student and staff perspectives , 2001 .

[103]  M. Freeman,et al.  The Ideologies of children's rights , 1992 .

[104]  K. Olness,et al.  'The state of the world's children'. , 1985, Archives of disease in childhood.

[105]  J. Adelson Handbook of adolescent psychology , 1980 .