Specifying and Reasoning about CPS through the Lens of the NIST CPS Framework

This paper introduces a formal definition of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) in the spirit of the CPS Framework proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It shows that using this definition, various problems related to concerns in a CPS can be precisely formalized and implemented using Answer Set Programming (ASP). These include problems related to the dependency or conflicts between concerns, how to mitigate an issue, and what the most suitable mitigation strategy for a given issue would be. It then shows how ASP can be used to develop an implementation that addresses the aforementioned problems. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potentials of the proposed methodologies.

[1]  Martin Gebser,et al.  clasp : A Conflict-Driven Answer Set Solver , 2007, LPNMR.

[2]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Logic Programs with Classical Negation , 1990, ICLP.

[3]  Imre Horváth,et al.  The state of framework development for implementing reasoning mechanisms in smart cyber-physical systems: A literature review , 2019, J. Comput. Des. Eng..

[4]  Michael Huth,et al.  Ontology-Based Reasoning about the Trustworthiness of Cyber-Physical Systems , 2018, IoT 2018.

[5]  Edward Griffor,et al.  Framework for cyber-physical systems: volume 3, timing annex , 2017 .

[6]  Enrico Pontelli,et al.  Phylotastic: An Experiment in Creating, Manipulating, and Evolving Phylogenetic Biology Workflows Using Logic Programming , 2018, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.

[7]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  Stable models and an alternative logic programming paradigm , 1998, The Logic Programming Paradigm.

[8]  Enrico Pontelli,et al.  On Repairing Web Services Workflows , 2020, PADL.

[9]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Representing Action and Change by Logic Programs , 1993, J. Log. Program..

[10]  Stefan Edelkamp,et al.  Automated Planning: Theory and Practice , 2007, Künstliche Intell..

[11]  Edward A. Lee.  Fundamental Limits of Cyber-Physical Systems Modeling , 2016, ACM Trans. Cyber Phys. Syst..

[12]  Torsten Schaub,et al.  ASP modulo CSP: The clingcon system , 2012, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.

[13]  Tran Cao Son,et al.  Domain-dependent knowledge in answer set planning , 2002, TOCL.

[14]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Stable Model Semantics of Weight Constraint Rules , 1999, LPNMR.

[15]  Reasoning About Trustworthiness in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Ontology-Based Representation and ASP , 2020, PRIMA.

[16]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Logic programs with stable model semantics as a constraint programming paradigm , 1999, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[17]  Enrico Pontelli,et al.  Automatic Web Services Composition for Phylotastic , 2018, PADL.

[18]  E. Balas.  DISJUNCTIVE PROGRAMMING: CUTTING PLANES FROM LOGICAL CONDITIONS , 1975 .

[19]  V. Lifschitz,et al.  Action Languages , 1998, Electron. Trans. Artif. Intell..

[20]  Dong Seong Kim,et al.  Attack countermeasure trees (ACT): towards unifying the constructs of attack and defense trees , 2012, Secur. Commun. Networks.

[21]  Thomas Eiter,et al.  Answer Set Programming for the Semantic Web , 2007, ICLP.

[22]  Michael Huth,et al.  Manyopt: An Extensible Tool for Mixed, Non-Linear Optimization Through SMT Solving , 2017, ArXiv.

[23]  J. Moschopoulos.  Ship Control Technology; A US Navy Perspective , 2001 .

[24]  Chitta Baral,et al.  Reasoning about actions in a probabilistic setting , 2002, AAAI/IAAI.

[25]  AksuHidayet,et al.  A System-level Behavioral Detection Framework for Compromised CPS Devices , 2019 .

[26]  Paulo Tabuada,et al.  SMT-Based Observer Design for Cyber-Physical Systems under Sensor Attacks , 2016, 2016 ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS).

[27]  Edward Griffor,et al.  Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems: Volume 1, Overview , 2017 .

[28]  Michael Huth,et al.  Satisfiability modulo theories for process systems engineering , 2018, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[29]  J. Nelson Rushton,et al.  Probabilistic reasoning with answer sets , 2004, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.

[30]  Edward Griffor,et al.  Framework for cyber-physical systems: volume 2, working group reports , 2017 .

[31]  Yuliya Lierler,et al.  Constraint answer set solver EZCSP and why integration schemas matter , 2017, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.