Redox control of systemic acquired resistance.

Changes in gene expression during systemic acquired resistance (SAR) require the phenolic signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and are modulated by the interaction between the NON EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) protein and members of the TGA family of transcription factors. In the past two years, the activities of NPR1 and of the TGA factors TGA1 and TGA4 have been shown to be modulated by SA-induced oxidoreduction (redox) modifications of key cysteine residues. Reduction of two conserved cysteines in NPR1 leads to its monomerization and nuclear localization, which is required for the activation of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED(PR) genes. Reduction of conserved cysteines in TGA1 and TGA4 enables their interaction with NPR1, which acts as a redox-sensitive cofactor in stimulating TGA1 DNA-binding activity. The identity of the redox mediators that are involved in regulating NPR1 and TGA factors is unknown. However, a novel thioredoxin interacts with the disease resistance protein Cf-9 and modulates Cf-9-dependent signaling. These results begin to provide a mechanistic understanding of how SAR is regulated by redox conditions.

[1]  F. Tacnet,et al.  Microbial H2O2 sensors as archetypical redox signaling modules. , 2004, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[2]  J. Haddad.  Oxygen sensing and oxidant/redox-related pathways. , 2004, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[3]  R. Dixon,et al.  Reactive Oxygen Intermediates Mediate a Systemic Signal Network in the Establishment of Plant Immunity , 1998, Cell.

[4]  O. Matsuda,et al.  Role of chloroplast trienoic fatty acids in plant disease defense responses. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[5]  D. Klessig,et al.  High humidity suppresses ssi4-mediated cell death and disease resistance upstream of MAP kinase activation, H2O2 production and defense gene expression. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[6]  G. Tell,et al.  The intracellular localization of APE1/Ref-1: more than a passive phenomenon? , 2005, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[7]  Yves Meyer,et al.  The Arabidopsis Cytosolic Thioredoxin h5 Gene Induction by Oxidative Stress and Its W-Box-Mediated Response to Pathogen Elicitor1 , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[8]  J. Mieyal,et al.  Glutaredoxin: role in reversible protein s-glutathionylation and regulation of redox signal transduction and protein translocation. , 2005, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[9]  C. Mei,et al.  Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[10]  R. Dixon,et al.  THE OXIDATIVE BURST IN PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE. , 1997, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[11]  N. Fedoroff,et al.  Stress response, cell death and signalling: the many faces of reactive oxygen species , 2003 .

[12]  Darrell Desveaux,et al.  The Arabidopsis NPR1 Disease Resistance Protein Is a Novel Cofactor That Confers Redox Regulation of DNA Binding Activity to the Basic Domain/Leucine Zipper Transcription Factor TGA1 Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.012849. , 2003, The Plant Cell Online.

[13]  Jyoti Shah,et al.  Salicylic acid and disease resistance in plants. , 1999 .

[14]  D. Roby,et al.  Lesion mimic mutants: keys for deciphering cell death and defense pathways in plants? , 2003, Trends in plant science.

[15]  Xinnian Dong,et al.  Inducers of Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance Regulate NPR1 Function through Redox Changes , 2003, Cell.

[16]  P. Højrup,et al.  Characterization of the Oligomer Structure of Recombinant Human Mannan-binding Lectin* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[17]  C. Bertoncini,et al.  Redox Regulation of Plant Homeodomain Transcription Factors* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[18]  G. Storz,et al.  Redox regulation of OxyR requires specific disulfide bond formation involving a rapid kinetic reaction path , 2004, Nature Structural &Molecular Biology.

[19]  P. Mullineaux,et al.  LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 Is Required for Acclimation to Conditions That Promote Excess Excitation Energy12[w] , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[20]  H. Nam,et al.  BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 encodes a BTB/POZ domain protein required for leaf morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. , 2004, Plant & cell physiology.

[21]  I. Somssich.  Closing Another Gap in the Plant SAR Puzzle , 2003, Cell.

[22]  J. Jacquot,et al.  The plant thioredoxin system , 2004, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[23]  Xinnian Dong,et al.  NPR1, all things considered. , 2004, Current opinion in plant biology.

[24]  Jonathan D. G. Jones,et al.  CITRX thioredoxin interacts with the tomato Cf-9 resistance protein and negatively regulates defence. , 2004, The EMBO journal.

[25]  Xinnian Dong,et al.  Systemic acquired resistance. , 2003, Annual review of phytopathology.

[26]  P. Halban,et al.  Oligomerization of green fluorescent protein in the secretory pathway of endocrine cells. , 2001, The Biochemical journal.

[27]  H. Nakamura,et al.  Redox Regulation by Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin‐Binding Proteins , 2001, IUBMB life.

[28]  V. Garretón,et al.  The as-1 Promoter Element Is an Oxidative Stress-Responsive Element and Salicylic Acid Activates It via Oxidative Species1 , 2002, Plant Physiology.

[29]  G. Martin,et al.  Two MAPK cascades, NPR1, and TGA transcription factors play a role in Pto-mediated disease resistance in tomato. , 2003, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[30]  G. Storz,et al.  Structural basis for redox regulation of Yap1 transcription factor localization , 2004, Nature.

[31]  J. Ecker,et al.  An Arabidopsis NPR1-like gene, NPR4, is required for disease resistance. , 2004, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[32]  P. Mullineaux,et al.  Light perception in plant disease defence signalling. , 2003, Current opinion in plant biology.

[33]  W. Fischer,et al.  Protein Disulfide Bond Formation in the Cytoplasm during Oxidative Stress* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[34]  C. Pieterse,et al.  NPR1: the spider in the web of induced resistance signaling pathways. , 2004, Current opinion in plant biology.

[35]  J. Jacquot,et al.  Plant glutaredoxins: still mysterious reducing systems , 2004, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS.

[36]  E. Grotewold,et al.  Two Cysteines in Plant R2R3 MYB Domains Participate in REDOX-dependent DNA Binding* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[37]  P. Ronald,et al.  Overexpression of (At)NPR1 in rice leads to a BTH- and environment-induced lesion-mimic/cell death phenotype. , 2004, Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI.