Predictors of chronic kidney disease among Indonesian adult population: Results from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Research

Background: Three out of ten cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are cause by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, nutritional status, consumption of unhealthy foods, high blood pressure, and smoking habits were also previously identified as risk factors to CKD but there is a scarcity of data from Indonesia. Therefore, we sought to determine the risk factors using a predictive model for the incidence of CKD in Indonesia based on the Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018. Methods: Secondary data from the 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey with 300,000 respondents was used. Respondents with complete socio-demographic, food consumption data, anthropometric data and chronic disease status (i.e. T2DM and hypertension) type 2 were analyzed (n=96,098). Binary logistic regression model was performed to assess the association between socio-demographic, food group consumption, health and nutritional status with CKD. Results:  Based on the final model of logistic regression analysis, ranging from the most and least factors that contribute to CKD were the presence of T2DM (p<0.000; OR=2.353), hypertension (p<0.000; OR=1.695); education level (p=0.028; OR=1.438), living area (p=0.025; OR=1.242); age (p<0.000; OR=0.979); and sugary drink consumption (p=0.050; OR=0.884). Conclusions: Prediction equation of CKD risk factor in Indonesia Adult included 6 factors that are present: diabetes, present hypertension, education, living area, age, and sugary drink consumption. This result can be used by the health professional to predict the risk of CKD among patients with present diabetes and/or hypertension.