Thermodynamic characterization of daunomycin-DNA interactions: microcalorimetric measurements of daunomycin-DNA binding enthalpies.

We report the first direct determination of binding enthalpies for the complexation of monomeric daunomycin with a series of 10 polymeric DNA duplexes. These measurements were accomplished by using a recently developed stopped-flow microcalorimeter capable of detecting reaction heats on the microjoule level. This enhanced sensitivity allowed us to measure daunomycin-DNA binding enthalpies at monomeric drug concentrations (e.g., 10-20 microM), thereby precluding the need to correct for daunomycin self-association, as has been required in previous batch calorimetric studies [Remeta, D. P., Marky, L. A., & Breslauer, K. J. (1984) Abstracts of Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, 838a; Breslauer, K. J., Remeta, D. P., Chou, W. Y., Ferrante, R., Curry, J., Zaunczkowski, D., Snyder, J. G., & Marky, L. A. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 8922-8926]. We correct the published daunomycin-DNA binding enthalpies measured by batch calorimetry at higher drug concentrations (e.g., 0.5-1.0 M) for the enthalpy contribution associated with the binding-induced disruption of drug aggregates. The requisite correction term was obtained from a van't Hoff analysis of temperature-dependent NMR measurements on daunomycin solutions. We find remarkable agreement between the net binding enthalpies derived from these corrected batch calorimetric data and the corresponding binding enthalpies measured directly by stopped-flow microcalorimetry. The enhanced sensitivity of the stopped-flow instrument also allowed us to evaluate the influence of drug binding density on the daunomycin-DNA binding enthalpies. This assessment was accomplished by conducting stopped-flow calorimetric measurements over a range of seven different drug-to-phosphate ratios (r). For most of the 10 DNA host duplexes studied, we find that the daunomycin binding enthalpies exhibit small but significant r dependencies. The sensitivity of the stopped-flow instrument also enabled us to detect significant dilution enthalpies for several of the drug-free DNA duplexes, a quantity generally assumed to be negligible in previous studies. We discuss the binding enthalpies, their dependence on binding density, and the duplex dilution enthalpies in terms of the influence of base composition, sequence, conformation/hydration, and binding cooperativity on the sign and the magnitudes of the daunomycin-DNA binding enthalpy data reported here.