Phthalic Acid and Derivatives

The article contains sections titled: 1. Phthalic Acid 2. Phthalic Anhydride 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 2.3. Resources and Raw Materials 2.4. Production 2.4.1. Gas-Phase Oxidation 2.4.1.1. Catalyst and Reaction Mechanism 2.4.1.2. Apparatus and Important Process Steps in the Gas-Phase Oxidation of o-Xylene 2.4.2. Fluidized-Bed Oxidation 2.4.3. Liquid-Phase Oxidation of o-Xylene 2.5. Environmental Protection 2.6. Quality Specifications and Analysis 2.7. Economic Aspects 2.8. Storage and Transportation 2.9. Uses 3. Phthalimide 3.1. Properties 3.2. Production 3.2.1. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Ammonia 3.2.2. Production from Phthalic Anhydride and Urea 3.2.3. Production from o-Xylene 3.3. Uses 4. Phthalonitrile 4.1. Properties 4.2. Production 4.2.1. Production from o-Xylene 4.2.2. Production from Phthalic Acid Derivatives 4.3. Uses 5. Phthalates 5.1. Physical and Chemical Properties 5.2. Raw Materials 5.3. Production 5.4. Environmental Protection 5.5. Quality Specifications 5.6. Storage and Transportation 5.7. Uses 5.8. Economic Aspects 6. Toxicology 6.1. Use of and Exposure to Phthalic Acid and Derivatives 6.2. Toxicological Profiles 6.2.1 Phthalic Acid 6.2.2 Phthalic Anhydride 6.2.3 Phthalimide 6.2.4. Phthalonitrile 6.2.5. Phthalate Esters 6.2.5.1. Metabolism and Toxicokinetics 6.2.5.2. Acute Toxicity 6.2.5.3. Irritation and Sensitizing Potential 6.2.5.4. Repeated DEHP Dosing 6.2.5.5. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity 6.2.5.6. Carcinogenicity 6.2.5.7. Reproductive Toxicity 6.2.5.8. Effects of Phthalate Esters by Groups 6.3 Risk Assessment 6.3.1 Biomonitoring and Human Exposure to Phthalate Esters 6.3.2 Carcinogenicity 6.3.3 Toxicity to Reproduction 6.4 Risk Management