The Characteristics of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate/Polycaprolactone 3‐dimensional Scaffold with Osteogenesis Properties for Tissue Regeneration

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mineral trioxide aggregate/polycaprolactone (MTA/PCL) hybrid 3‐dimensional (3D) scaffold supplies a suitable microenvironment for the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) and to further consider the effect of the MTA/PCL composite on the biological performance of hybrid scaffolds. Methods MTA was suspended in absolute alcohol and dropped slowly into PCL that was generated with the printable MTA‐matrix. Then, the MTA/PCL composite was prepared into highly uniform scaffolds with controlled macropore sizes and structure using a 3D printing technique. Mechanical properties and the apatite precipitation of the scaffolds were evaluated as well as the cell response to the scaffolds by culturing hDPCs. Results The results showed that the MTA/PCL 3D scaffold had uniform, 450‐&mgr;m, high‐porosity (70%) macropores and a compressive strength of 4.5 MPa. In addition, the MTA/PCL scaffold could effectively promote the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of hDPCs. Conclusions The 3D‐printed MTA/PCL scaffolds not only exhibited excellent physical and chemical properties but also enhanced osteogenesis differentiation. All of the results support the premise that this MTA/PCL porous scaffold would be a useful biomaterial for application in bone tissue engineering. HighlightsMineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold is fabricated by a 3‐dimensional printing technique.MTA/PCL scaffolds could induce the precipitation of apatite spherule aggregates after immersion in simulated body fluid.MTA/PCL up‐regulated the osteogenesis of human dental pulp cells.MTA/PCL scaffolds might stimulate mineralized nodule formation and calcium deposition.

[1]  M. Torabinejad,et al.  Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations. , 2010, Journal of endodontics.

[2]  C. Kao,et al.  The synergistic effects of chinese herb and injectable calcium silicate/β-tricalcium phosphate composite on an osteogenic accelerator in vitro , 2015, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[3]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  Efficacy of rhBMP-2 loaded PCL/PLGA/β-TCP guided bone regeneration membrane fabricated by 3D printing technology for reconstruction of calvaria defects in rabbit , 2014, Biomedical materials.

[4]  Cunxian Song,et al.  The in vivo degradation, absorption and excretion of PCL-based implant. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[5]  Mallory R. Busso,et al.  Digital micromirror device (DMD)-based 3D printing of poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[6]  M. Bohner,et al.  Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution? , 2009, Biomaterials.

[7]  A. Whittington,et al.  Influence of therapeutic radiation on polycaprolactone and polyurethane biomaterials. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[8]  A. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds: Effect of SrO and MgO doping on in vivo osteogenesis in a rat distal femoral defect model. , 2013, Biomaterials science.

[9]  Chengtie Wu,et al.  3D plotting of highly uniform Sr5(PO4)2SiO4 bioceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2016, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[10]  Amit Bandyopadhyay,et al.  3D printed tricalcium phosphate bone tissue engineering scaffolds: effect of SrO and MgO doping on in vivo osteogenesis in a rat distal femoral defect model , 2013 .

[11]  M. Shie,et al.  Physical characteristics, antimicrobial and odontogenesis potentials of calcium silicate cement containing hinokitiol. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[12]  C. Kao,et al.  Comparison of host inflammatory responses between calcium-silicate base material and IRM , 2014 .

[13]  Yi-Wen Chen,et al.  Macrophage-mediated osteogenesis activation in co-culture with osteoblast on calcium silicate cement , 2015, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[14]  C. Kao,et al.  An evaluation of the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-treated primary dental pulp cells with regard to calcium silicate-based cements , 2014, International Journal of Oral Science.

[15]  C. Kao,et al.  Human Dental Pulp Cells Responses to Apatite Precipitation from Dicalcium Silicates , 2015, Materials.

[16]  I. Zizović,et al.  Functionalization of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with Usnea lethariiformis extract by using supercritical CO2. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[17]  Jianhua Zhang,et al.  3D-printed magnetic Fe3O4/MBG/PCL composite scaffolds with multifunctionality of bone regeneration, local anticancer drug delivery and hyperthermia. , 2014, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[18]  C. Kao,et al.  Antibacterial and Odontogenesis Efficacy of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Combined with CO2 Laser Treatment. , 2015, Journal of endodontics.

[19]  A. Boccaccini,et al.  45S5 Bioglass®-derived scaffolds coated with organic-inorganic hybrids containing graphene. , 2013, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[20]  Chengtie Wu,et al.  Hierarchically porous nagelschmidtite bioceramic-silk scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. , 2015, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[21]  C. Kao,et al.  Properties of an accelerated mineral trioxide aggregate-like root-end filling material. , 2009, Journal of endodontics.

[22]  Xuejun Gao,et al.  Characteristics and Effects on Dental Pulp Cells of a Polycaprolactone/Submicron Bioactive Glass Composite Scaffold. , 2016, Journal of endodontics.

[23]  Wei Xu,et al.  Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: A review. , 2016, Biomaterials.

[24]  Yi-Wen Chen,et al.  Preparation of the fast setting and degrading Ca-Si-Mg cement with both odontogenesis and angiogenesis differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. , 2016, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.

[25]  X. Duan,et al.  3D hydrogels with high resolution fabricated by two-photon polymerization with sensitive water soluble initiators. , 2015, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[26]  B. Grosgogeat,et al.  In vitro biocompatibility of a dentine substitute cement on human MG63 osteoblasts cells: Biodentine™ versus MTA(®). , 2014, International endodontic journal.

[27]  G. Kose,et al.  Biocompatibility of Accelerated Mineral Trioxide Aggregate on Stem Cells Derived from Human Dental Pulp. , 2016, Journal of endodontics.

[28]  Dong-Woo Cho,et al.  3D printing technology to control BMP-2 and VEGF delivery spatially and temporally to promote large-volume bone regeneration. , 2015, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[29]  Chia-Che Ho,et al.  The Ionic Products from Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-induced Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Cells via Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. , 2016, Journal of endodontics.

[30]  S. Miguel,et al.  Production of new 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration by rapid prototyping , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[31]  J. Cauich‐Rodríguez,et al.  Multiwall carbon nanotubes/polycaprolactone scaffolds seeded with human dental pulp stem cells for bone tissue regeneration , 2016, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine.

[32]  J. Cooper-White,et al.  Dispersion of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in solution and in polycaprolactone composite scaffolds. , 2016, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[33]  C. Kao,et al.  Mesoporous Calcium Silicate Nanoparticles with Drug Delivery and Odontogenesis Properties , 2017, Journal of endodontics.

[34]  Yi-Wen Chen,et al.  Stimulatory effects of the fast setting and suitable degrading Ca-Si-Mg cement on both cementogenesis and angiogenesis differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. , 2015, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[35]  M. Gelinsky,et al.  A Hydrogel Model Incorporating 3D-Plotted Hydroxyapatite for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering , 2016, Materials.

[36]  Qingqiang Yao,et al.  3D-printed bioceramic scaffolds with a Fe3O4/graphene oxide nanocomposite interface for hyperthermia therapy of bone tumor cells. , 2016, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[37]  Yi-Wen Chen,et al.  Enhanced adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell inside apatite-mineralized/poly(dopamine)-coated poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds by stereolithography. , 2016, Journal of materials chemistry. B.

[38]  S. Durual,et al.  Medium-Term Function of a 3D Printed TCP/HA Structure as a New Osteoconductive Scaffold for Vertical Bone Augmentation: A Simulation by BMP-2 Activation , 2015, Materials.

[39]  S. Shi,et al.  Comparison of in vivo dental pulp responses to capping with iRoot BP Plus and mineral trioxide aggregate. , 2016, International endodontic journal.

[40]  Sophie C Cox,et al.  3D printing of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds intended for use in bone tissue engineering applications. , 2015, Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications.