A Review of Current Systems

Forensic investigations frequently utilize facial reconstructions/approximations to stimulate recognition and identification. Over the past 25 years, many computerbased systems have been developed, and with the recent rapid advances in medical imaging and computer technology, the current systems claim high levels of efficiency, objectivity, and flexibility. The history of computerized facial approximation/reconstruction is presented, along with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies. Evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of these new systems is critical for the future of computerized facial reconstruction/approximation to become accepted by the wider forensic science field. In addition, constant re-evaluation and assessment will promote further improvement and increase reliability.

[1]  S R Arridge,et al.  Three-dimensional visualization of the face and skull using computerized tomography and laser scanning techniques. , 1987, European Journal of Orthodontics.

[2]  R Evenhouse,et al.  Computer-aided forensic facial reconstruction , 1991, Other Conferences.

[3]  D H Ubelaker,et al.  Computer-assisted facial reproduction. , 1992, Journal of forensic sciences.

[4]  H. von Eggeling,et al.  Anatomische Untersuchungen an den Köpfen von vier Hereros, einem Herero- und einem Hottentottenkind , 1909 .

[5]  C N Stephan,et al.  Anthropological facial 'reconstruction--recognizing the fallacies, 'unembracing' the errors, and realizing method limits. , 2003, Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society.

[6]  S Miyasaka,et al.  The computer-aided facial reconstruction system. , 1995, Forensic science international.

[7]  Caroline Wilkinson,et al.  Forensic Facial Reconstruction , 2004 .

[8]  Alice M. Brues,et al.  Identification of Skeletal Remains , 1958 .

[9]  P Vanezi,et al.  Facial reconstruction using 3-D computer graphics. , 2000, Forensic science international.

[10]  Damian Schofield,et al.  Computational forensic facial reconstruction , 2004 .

[11]  B. P. Gatliff,et al.  Facial sculpture on the skull for identification , 1984, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[12]  S Arridge,et al.  Three dimensional digitization of the face and skull. , 1985, Journal of maxillofacial surgery.

[13]  John Prag.  Making Faces , 2019, The Emoji Revolution.

[14]  P Vanezis,et al.  Application of 3-D computer graphics for facial reconstruction and comparison with sculpting techniques. , 1989, Forensic science international.

[15]  Hans-Peter Seidel,et al.  Reanimating the dead: reconstruction of expressive faces from skull data , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[16]  G Quatrehomme,et al.  A fully three-dimensional method for facial reconstruction based on deformable models. , 1997, Journal of forensic sciences.

[17]  B. P. Gatliff,et al.  Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: an evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology. , 1970, American journal of physical anthropology.

[18]  Mark W. Jones,et al.  Facial Reconstruction Using Volumetric Data , 2001, VMV.

[19]  P. Vanezis,et al.  Techniques in facial identification: Computer-aided facial reconstruction using a laser scanner and video superimposition , 2005, International Journal of Legal Medicine.

[20]  C N Stephan,et al.  Building faces from dry skulls: are they recognized above chance rates? , 2001, Journal of forensic sciences.

[21]  America Gonzalez-Figueroa,et al.  Evaluation of the optical laser scanning system for facial identification , 1996 .

[22]  W. M. Krogman.  The human skeleton in forensic medicine. I. , 1963, Postgraduate medicine.

[23]  Hermann Welcker,et al.  Schiller's Schädel und Todtenmaske : nebst Mittheilungen über Schädel und Todtenmaske Kant's , 1883 .