The Phenology of the Olive Fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae), in Corfu
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On Corfu, D. oleae normally has four main generations per year with peaks of adult emergence in late August-early September, November, February-March and early June. These peaks of adult emergence correspond to the four main periods of oviposition which occur in late July-early August, September, mid October-December and April-May, as occurred in 1976-77.
In years when exceptionally high temperatures occur in late summer, however, the high mortality and delayed maturation of adults emerging in August depresses infestation levels and produces a considerable overlap of the second and third generations, as occurred in the 1977-78 season.
The first period of oviposition into the new fruit in July follows the ovarian maturation of adult females which pass the early part of the summer in a reproductively inactive state. The timing is determined by the interaction of climatic conditions and the state of fruit-ripeness.
A high proportion of the first generation larvae in August pupate in the fruit but from then onwards an increasing proportion pupate in the soil. During the spring virtually all larvae do this. Most of the population pass the winter as pupae in the soil, although all stages can be found during the winter months.
Zusammenfassung
Die Phanologie der Olivenfliege, Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae) auf Korfu
Auf Korfu hat D. oleae normalerweise 4 Generationen im Jahr. Die meisten Adulten schlupfen Ende August/Anfang September, November, Februar-Marz und Anfang Juni. Diesen Hohepunkten des Adulten-Schlupfens in den Jahren 1976-77 folgten die 4 Perioden der Eiablagen September, November/Dezember, April/Mai und Juli/Anfang August.
In Jahren ausergewohnlich hoher Temperaturen im spaten Sommer kommt es zu einer hohen Mortalitat sowie einer verzogerten Reifung der Adulten. Die verzogerte Reifung verursachte eine Uberlappung der 2. und 3. Generation in den Jahren 1977-78.
Die erste Eiablage in die frischen Fruchte erfolgt im Juli, da die weiblichen Adulten im fruhen Sommer in einer unfruchtbaren Periode leben. Die Entwicklung der Ovarien hangt von klimatischen Bedingungen sowie von der Reife der Fruchte ab.
Ein groser Teil der Larven der 1. Generation verpuppte sich im August in den Fruchten. Spater findet die Verpuppung im Boden statt, wahrend im Fruhling fast alle Larven sich dort verpuppen. Der groste Teil der Population verbringt den Winter als Puppen im Boden, doch kann man im Winter jedes Entwicklungsstadium antreffen.
[1] B. S. Fletcher,et al. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, DIET AND OLIVE FRUITS ON THE MATURATION RATES OF FEMALE OLIVE FLIES AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE YEAR , 1983 .
[2] B. S. FLETCHER,et al. Changes in the ovaries of olive flies (Dacus oleae (Gmelin)) during the summer, and their relationship to temperature, humidity and fruit availability , 1978 .