A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management

Abstract Electric vehicles with green power system are viable alternatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil energy resources. The power source such as Li-ion battery has high sensitivity to temperature, which is a challenge related to battery thermal management. Battery thermal management system plays a vital role in the high efficiency, dependability and security of these batteries. Modern commercial electric vehicles normally use liquid based battery thermal management system, which has high heat transfer efficiency with the function of cooling or heating. This paper firstly looks at the effects of temperature on the battery performance from three aspects: low temperature, high temperature and differential temperature. Then the battery management system is discussed with the main emphasis on battery modeling methods and thermal management strategies. Further, a systematic review of liquid based system is presented in terms of direct and indirect contact mode. Progress made in liquid channel configuration and heat transfer fluid aiming at improving the overall thermal performance is also discussed. With the function of liquid-gas phase change process, the heat pipe based battery thermal management is feasible and effective for its high heat transfer efficiency. To further facilitate vehicle-mounted energy optimization, an integrated vehicle thermal management system with appropriate energy allocation is required. In addition, the battery thermal management system connected with the other subsystems (e.g., heating ventilation air conditioning system) by utilizing the liquid circulation in vehicle thermal management has great potential in energy-saving and efficiency promotion.

[1]  Wei Wang,et al.  Experimental investigation on an integrated thermal management system with heat pipe heat exchanger for electric vehicle , 2016 .

[2]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  Cooling efficiency improvement of air-cooled battery thermal management system through designing the flow pattern , 2019, Energy.

[3]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review , 2018 .

[4]  Gero Mimberg,et al.  Battery concept to minimize the climate-related reduction of electric vehicles driving range , 2017, 2017 Twelfth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER).

[5]  Shuangfeng Wang,et al.  Form-stable and thermally induced flexible composite phase change material for thermal energy storage and thermal management applications , 2019, Applied Energy.

[6]  Jing Liu,et al.  Thermal management of Li-ion battery with liquid metal , 2016 .

[7]  Joris Jaguemont,et al.  Characterization and Modeling of a Hybrid-Electric-Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Pack at Low Temperatures , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[8]  T. Stuart,et al.  HEV battery heating using AC currents , 2004 .

[9]  Fan He,et al.  Experimental demonstration of active thermal control of a battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells , 2015 .

[10]  P. Heitjans,et al.  Inhomogeneous degradation of graphite anodes in automotive lithium ion batteries under low-temperature pulse cycling conditions , 2016 .

[11]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Temperature response of a high power lithium-ion battery subjected to high current discharge , 2015 .

[12]  Y.P. Li,et al.  A flexible-possibilistic stochastic programming method for planning municipal-scale energy system through introducing renewable energies and electric vehicles , 2019, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[13]  Mao-Sung Wu,et al.  Heat dissipation design for lithium-ion batteries , 2002 .

[14]  N. P. Yao,et al.  Heat Transfer in Lead‐Acid Batteries Designed for Electric‐Vehicle Propulsion Application , 1979 .

[15]  T. Teng,et al.  Feasibility assessment of thermal management system for green power sources using nanofluid , 2013 .

[16]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Investigation of the thermal performance of phase change material/mini-channel coupled battery thermal management system , 2016 .

[17]  B. Scrosati,et al.  Advances in lithium-ion batteries , 2002 .

[18]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Performance assessment of thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles , 2013 .

[19]  Kang Xu,et al.  The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries , 2003 .

[20]  R. Spotnitz,et al.  Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells , 2003 .

[21]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures , 2016, Nature.

[22]  Ankur Jain,et al.  Modeling of steady‐state and transient thermal performance of a Li‐ion cell with an axial fluidic channel for cooling , 2015 .

[23]  Chester G. Motloch,et al.  Power fade and capacity fade resulting from cycle-life testing of Advanced Technology Development Program lithium-ion batteries , 2003 .

[24]  J. H. Park,et al.  Transient modeling and validation of lithium ion battery pack with air cooled thermal management system for electric vehicles , 2014 .

[25]  Binggang Cao,et al.  Three-dimensional thermal finite element modeling of lithium-ion battery in thermal abuse application , 2010 .

[26]  A. Jain,et al.  Experimental and numerical investigation of core cooling of Li-ion cells using heat pipes , 2016 .

[27]  J. P. Rugh.  Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management - Combining Fluid Loops in Electric Drive Vehicles (Presentation) , 2013 .

[28]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Shortcut computation for the thermal management of a large air-cooled battery pack , 2014 .

[29]  D. Wheeler,et al.  Modeling of lithium-ion batteries , 2003 .

[30]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Experimental study of an OHP-cooled thermal management system for electric vehicle power battery , 2014 .

[31]  Ziping Feng,et al.  Thermal management performances of PCM/water cooling-plate using for lithium-ion battery module based on non-uniform internal heat source , 2017 .

[32]  K. V. Sharma,et al.  Heat transfer augmentation of ethylene glycol: water nanofluids and applications — A review , 2016 .

[33]  Arun S. Mujumdar,et al.  Numerical investigation of water cooling for a lithium-ion bipolar battery pack , 2015 .

[34]  Yi-min Li,et al.  Experiment study of oscillating heat pipe and phase change materials coupled for thermal energy storage and thermal management , 2016 .

[35]  B. Khalighi,et al.  Application of CAEBAT Full Field Approach for a Liquid-Cooled Automotive Battery Pack , 2016 .

[36]  L. Liao,et al.  Fluoroethylene carbonate as electrolyte additive to improve low temperature performance of LiFePO4 electrode , 2013 .

[37]  Y. Inui,et al.  Simulation of temperature distribution in cylindrical and prismatic lithium ion secondary batteries , 2007 .

[38]  Ahmad Pesaran,et al.  Energy Efficient Battery Heating in Cold Climates , 2002 .

[39]  Oluwadamilola O. Taiwo,et al.  Non-uniform temperature distribution in Li-ion batteries during discharge – A combined thermal imaging, X-ray micro-tomography and electrochemical impedance approach , 2014 .

[40]  Fan He,et al.  Thermal management of batteries employing active temperature control and reciprocating cooling flow , 2015 .

[41]  J. Selman,et al.  A novel thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries using phase-change material , 2000 .

[42]  Yu‐Guo Guo,et al.  Carbon‐Nanotube‐Decorated Nano‐LiFePO4 @C Cathode Material with Superior High‐Rate and Low‐Temperature Performances for Lithium‐Ion Batteries , 2013 .

[43]  Juan Carlos Ramos,et al.  Novel thermal management system design methodology for power lithium-ion battery , 2014 .

[44]  T. Fuller,et al.  A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2011 .

[45]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  Thermal optimization of composite PCM based large-format lithium-ion battery modules under extreme operating conditions , 2017 .

[46]  Saeed Zeinali Heris,et al.  Heat transfer and rheological properties of transformer oil-oxidized MWCNT nanofluid , 2014, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.

[47]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Computational design and refinement of self-heating lithium ion batteries , 2016 .

[48]  Qing Gao,et al.  Investigation on the promotion of temperature uniformity for the designed battery pack with liquid flow in cooling process , 2017 .

[49]  K. Kang.  Abnormal Self-Discharge in Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2018 .

[50]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Solid-state diffusion limitations on pulse operation of a lithium ion cell for hybrid electric vehicles , 2006 .

[51]  X. Xu,et al.  Review on the heat dissipation performance of battery pack with different structures and operation conditions , 2014 .

[52]  Junjie Gu,et al.  Investigation on a hydrogel based passive thermal management system for lithium ion batteries , 2014 .

[53]  S. Mao,et al.  Thermal modelling of new Li-ion cell design modifications , 2010 .

[54]  Shuangfeng Wang,et al.  Multiple orientations research on heat transfer performances of Ultra-Thin Loop Heat Pipes with different evaporator structures , 2016 .

[55]  Kang Xu,et al.  A new approach toward improved low temperature performance of Li-ion battery , 2002 .

[56]  Bernard Desmet,et al.  Experimental investigation on the feasibility of heat pipe cooling for HEV/EV lithium-ion battery , 2014 .

[57]  Hassan Fathabadi,et al.  High thermal performance lithium-ion battery pack including hybrid active–passive thermal management system for using in hybrid/electric vehicles , 2014 .

[58]  Jiahao Li,et al.  A comparative study and validation of state estimation algorithms for Li-ion batteries in battery management systems , 2015 .

[59]  Lei Wang,et al.  Review on thermal management systems using phase change materials for electronic components, Li-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules , 2014 .

[60]  J. Sakamoto,et al.  The Limits of Low‐Temperature Performance of Li‐Ion Cells , 2000 .

[61]  Said Al-Hallaj,et al.  Design and simulation of a lithium-ion battery with a phase change material thermal management system for an electric scooter , 2004 .

[62]  Paul A. Nelson,et al.  Modeling thermal management of lithium-ion PNGV batteries , 2002 .

[63]  Lip Huat Saw,et al.  Numerical analyses on optimizing a heat pipe thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries during fast charging , 2015 .

[64]  Yanbao Ma,et al.  Prevent thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries with minichannel cooling , 2017 .

[65]  Andreas Jossen,et al.  Impact of Temperature and Discharge Rate on the Aging of a LiCoO2/LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell , 2017 .

[66]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  Low‐temperature reversible capacity loss and aging mechanism in lithium‐ion batteries for different discharge profiles , 2018, International Journal of Energy Research.

[67]  M.P. Garcia,et al.  Battery thermal management system , 2004, INTELEC 2004. 26th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference.

[68]  Yong Tang,et al.  Heat‐pipe‐based thermal management and temperature characteristics of Li‐ion batteries , 2016 .

[69]  Rui Liu,et al.  Numerical and analytical modeling of lithium ion battery thermal behaviors with different cooling designs , 2013 .

[70]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  Experimental investigation on the thermal performance of heat pipe-assisted phase change material based battery thermal management system , 2017 .

[71]  D. Adair,et al.  On using splitter plates and flow guide-vanes for battery module cooling , 2017 .

[72]  Michael Hinterberger,et al.  Simulative method for determining the optimal operating conditions for a cooling plate for lithium-ion battery cell modules , 2014 .

[73]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  The numerical investigation of nanofluid based cylinder battery thermal management using lattice Boltzmann method , 2015 .

[74]  Jianbo Zhang,et al.  A comparative degradation study of commercial lithium-ion cells under low-temperature cycling , 2017 .

[75]  Fan He,et al.  Combined experimental and numerical study of thermal management of battery module consisting of multiple Li-ion cells , 2014 .

[76]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Low temperature aging mechanism identification and lithium deposition in a large format lithium iron phosphate battery for different charge profiles , 2015 .

[77]  Ralph E. White,et al.  A Distributed Thermal Model for a Li-Ion Electrode Plate Pair , 2013 .

[78]  Pablo A. Estévez,et al.  A fractal time thermal model for predicting the surface temperature of air-cooled cylindrical Li-ion cells based on experimental measurements , 2016 .

[79]  Zechang Sun,et al.  An alternating current heating method for lithium‐ion batteries from subzero temperatures , 2016 .

[80]  Wenzhong Gao,et al.  A reduced low-temperature electro-thermal coupled model for lithium-ion batteries , 2016 .

[81]  A. Mujumdar,et al.  Thermo-electrochemical model for forced convection air cooling of a lithium-ion battery module , 2016 .

[82]  Dong-Ho Lee,et al.  Design optimization of a loop heat pipe to cool a lithium ion battery onboard a military aircraft , 2010 .

[83]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Thermal design and simulation of mini-channel cold plate for water cooled large sized prismatic lithium-ion battery , 2017 .

[84]  Xinran Tao,et al.  Design, Modeling and Control of a Thermal Management System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2016 .

[85]  Mengxuan Song,et al.  Structure optimization of parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system with U-type flow for cooling efficiency improvement , 2018 .

[86]  Guoqing Zhang,et al.  Experimental study on a novel battery thermal management technology based on low density polyethylene-enhanced composite phase change materials coupled with low fins , 2016 .

[87]  Ahmad T. Mayyas,et al.  Thermo-mechanical behaviors of the expanded graphite-phase change material matrix used for thermal management of Li-ion battery packs , 2010 .

[88]  Richard D. Braatz,et al.  Modeling and Simulation of Lithium-Ion Batteries from a Systems Engineering Perspective , 2010 .

[89]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Experimental investigation on mini‐channel cooling–based thermal management for Li‐ion battery module under different cooling schemes , 2018 .

[90]  S. Pannala,et al.  A new open computational framework for highly-resolved coupled three-dimensional multiphysics simulations of Li-ion cells , 2014 .

[91]  Lip Huat Saw,et al.  Integration issues of lithium-ion battery into electric vehicles battery pack , 2016 .

[92]  Xianguo Li,et al.  Thermal management of lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles , 2013 .

[93]  Yuwen Zhang,et al.  Thermal management optimization of an air-cooled Li-ion battery module using pin-fin heat sinks for hybrid electric vehicles , 2015 .

[94]  Partha P. Mukherjee,et al.  Exploring the efficacy of nanofluids for lithium-ion battery thermal management , 2017 .

[95]  Qingsong Wang,et al.  Thermal Behavior of Lithiated Graphite with Electrolyte in Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2006 .

[96]  Kang Xu,et al.  Effect of propylene carbonate on the low temperature performance of Li-ion cells , 2002 .

[97]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe , 2013 .

[98]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Review on use of phase change materials in battery thermal management for electric and hybrid electric vehicles , 2016 .

[99]  M. Mameli,et al.  THERMAL-HYDRAULIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A FLAT PLATE PULSATING HEAT PIPE FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS , 2015 .

[100]  Zhengguo Zhang,et al.  A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling , 2015 .

[101]  Zhengguo Zhang,et al.  Experimental Investigation on the Characters of Ultra-thin Loop Heat Pipe Applied in BTMS☆ , 2015 .

[102]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Novel thermal management system using boiling cooling for high-powered lithium-ion battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles , 2017 .

[103]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system by using mini-channel cooling , 2016 .

[104]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  Heating strategies for Li-ion batteries operated from subzero temperatures , 2013 .

[105]  Heesung Park,et al.  A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles , 2013 .

[106]  S. M. Peyghambarzadeh,et al.  Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement using water/ethylene glycol based nanofluids as a new coolant for car radiators , 2011 .

[107]  Mohammed B. Effat,et al.  Modeling efforts in the key areas of thermal management and safety of lithium ion battery cells: a mini review , 2016 .

[108]  Yu Kuahai,et al.  Thermal analysis and two-directional air flow thermal management for lithium-ion battery pack , 2014 .

[109]  Chanwoo Park,et al.  Spatial-resolution, lumped-capacitance thermal model for cylindrical Li-ion batteries under high Biot number conditions , 2013 .

[110]  James Marco,et al.  A new approach to the internal thermal management of cylindrical battery cells for automotive applications , 2017 .

[111]  Rangga Aji Pamungkas,et al.  Experimental investigation on performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system using flat plate loop heat pipe for electric vehicle application , 2016 .

[112]  Jason K. Ostanek,et al.  Reducing cell-to-cell spacing for large-format lithium ion battery modules with aluminum or PCM heat sinks under failure conditions , 2016 .

[113]  Li Jia,et al.  Experimental investigation on lithium-ion battery thermal management based on flow boiling in mini-channel , 2017 .

[114]  Zongping Shao,et al.  Synthesis of pristine and carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 and their low-temperature electrochemical performance , 2010 .

[115]  Lifang Wang,et al.  Battery thermal management system with liquid cooling and heating in electric vehicles , 2012 .

[116]  Tao Wang,et al.  Thermal investigation of lithium-ion battery module with different cell arrangement structures and forced air-cooling strategies , 2014 .

[117]  Lin Yang,et al.  A new charging mode of Li-ion batteries with LiFePO4/C composites under low temperature , 2011 .

[118]  J. Selman,et al.  Passive control of temperature excursion and uniformity in high-energy Li-ion battery packs at high current and ambient temperature , 2008 .

[119]  Jiyun Zhao,et al.  Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: A review , 2017 .

[120]  Ganesan Nagasubramanian,et al.  Accelerated power degradation of Li-ion cells , 2003 .

[121]  Chunjing Lin,et al.  Thermal Management of Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles Using Phase Change Materials: A Review , 2016 .

[122]  Guoqing Zhang,et al.  A novel nanosilica-enhanced phase change material with anti-leakage and anti-volume-changes properties for battery thermal management , 2018 .

[123]  Daniel H. Doughty,et al.  Advanced technology development program for lithium-ion batteries : thermal abuse performance of 18650 Li-ion cells. , 2004 .

[124]  A. Balandin,et al.  Graphene-enhanced hybrid phase change materials for thermal management of Li-ion batteries , 2013, 1305.4140.

[125]  Anthony Jarrett,et al.  Influence of operating conditions on the optimum design of electric vehicle battery cooling plates , 2014 .

[126]  A. Pesaran.  Battery Thermal Management in EVs and HEVs : Issues and Solutions , 2001 .

[127]  Xiaosong Hu,et al.  Arrhenius Equation-Based Cell-Health Assessment: Application to Thermal Energy Management Design of a HEV NiMH Battery Pack , 2013 .

[128]  Bernard Sahut,et al.  Experimental investigation on heat pipe cooling for Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle lithium-ion battery , 2014 .

[129]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Review of Models for Predicting the Cycling Performance of Lithium Ion Batteries , 2006 .

[130]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  Thermal performance of phase change material/oscillating heat pipe-based battery thermal management system , 2016 .

[131]  Yucheng He,et al.  Experimental study of a passive thermal management system for high-powered lithium ion batteries using porous metal foam saturated with phase change materials , 2014 .

[132]  A. A. O. Tay,et al.  Thermal management of lithium-ion battery pack with liquid cooling , 2015, 2015 31st Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM).

[133]  M. Nikdel,et al.  Various battery models for various simulation studies and applications , 2014 .

[134]  Kang Xu,et al.  Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells , 2002 .

[135]  Guy Marlair,et al.  Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review , 2016 .

[136]  G. Nagasubramanian.  Electrical characteristics of 18650 Li-ion cells at low temperatures , 2001 .

[137]  Yves Dube,et al.  A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures , 2016 .

[138]  Jiateng Zhao,et al.  Thermal performance of mini-channel liquid cooled cylinder based battery thermal management for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery , 2015 .

[139]  Bahman Shabani,et al.  Theoretical Modelling Methods for Thermal Management of Batteries , 2015 .

[140]  Lan Fengchong,et al.  Dynamic thermal characteristics of heat pipe via segmented thermal resistance model for electric vehicle battery cooling , 2016 .

[141]  A. Pesaran,et al.  A parametric study on thermal management of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2013 .

[142]  J. Shim,et al.  Electrochemical analysis for cycle performance and capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated temperature , 2002 .

[143]  F. Baronti,et al.  Battery Management System: An Overview of Its Application in the Smart Grid and Electric Vehicles , 2013, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[144]  Lip Huat Saw,et al.  Performance assessment and optimization of a heat pipe thermal management system for fast charging lithium ion battery packs , 2016 .

[145]  Amir Fartaj,et al.  Numerical Investigation of Active and Passive Cooling Systems of a Lithium-Ion Battery Module for Electric Vehicles , 2016 .

[146]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  LiMnPO4 as an Advanced Cathode Material for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries , 2009 .

[147]  Zhonghao Rao,et al.  A review of power battery thermal energy management , 2011 .

[148]  J. Selman,et al.  Thermal modeling and design considerations of lithium-ion batteries , 1999 .

[149]  P. Biensan,et al.  New Li-ion electrolytes for low temperature applications , 2001 .

[150]  A. N. Shirazi,et al.  Paraffin Nanocomposites for Heat Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries , 2016 .

[151]  Rui Zhao,et al.  An experimental study of heat pipe thermal management system with wet cooling method for lithium ion batteries , 2015 .

[152]  T. Araki,et al.  Thermal behavior of small lithium-ion battery during rapid charge and discharge cycles , 2006 .

[153]  Kai Ding,et al.  Battery-Management System (BMS) and SOC Development for Electrical Vehicles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[154]  Suresh G. Advani,et al.  Experimental study of an air-cooled thermal management system for high capacity lithium–titanate batteries , 2012 .

[155]  A. Greco,et al.  A theoretical and computational study of lithium-ion battery thermal management for electric vehicles using heat pipes , 2014 .

[156]  J. Christensen,et al.  An Efficient Parallelizable 3D Thermoelectrochemical Model of a Li-Ion Cell , 2013 .

[157]  Shuangfeng Wang,et al.  Experiment study on heat transfer capability of an innovative gravity assisted ultra-thin looped heat pipe , 2015 .

[158]  J. R. Selman,et al.  Thermal Characteristics of Li x Mn2 O 4 Spinel , 2001 .

[159]  Delphine Riu,et al.  A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications , 2013 .

[160]  Jianqiu Li,et al.  A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles , 2013 .

[161]  Guohua Wang,et al.  Status and development of electric vehicle integrated thermal management from BTM to HVAC , 2015 .

[162]  Joshua Kurtis Carroll,et al.  Active Battery Thermal Management within Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles , 2016 .

[163]  Takahiro Nomura,et al.  Thermal conductivity enhancement of erythritol as PCM by using graphite and nickel particles , 2013 .

[164]  Shuangfeng Wang,et al.  Optimization investigation on the liquid cooling heat dissipation structure for the lithium-ion battery package in electric vehicles , 2017 .

[165]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  An experimental study of thermal management system using copper mesh-enhanced composite phase change materials for power battery pack , 2016 .

[166]  Michael Pecht,et al.  Battery Management Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles , 2011 .

[167]  John Newman,et al.  A General Energy Balance for Battery Systems , 1984 .

[168]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Parameter Estimation and Life Modeling of Lithium-Ion Cells , 2008 .

[169]  L. Wang,et al.  A rapid low-temperature internal heating strategy with optimal frequency based on constant polarization voltage for lithium-ion batteries , 2016 .

[170]  Y. Dubé,et al.  Heating Lithium-Ion Batteries with Bidirectional Current Pulses , 2015, 2015 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC).

[171]  I. Dincer,et al.  Electrochemical modeling and performance evaluation of a new ammonia-based battery thermal management system for electric and hybrid electric vehicles , 2017 .

[172]  Q. Qu,et al.  Capacity loss induced by lithium deposition at graphite anode for LiFePO4/graphite cell cycling at different temperatures , 2013 .

[173]  Li Jia,et al.  A review on lithium-ion power battery thermal management technologies and thermal safety , 2017 .

[174]  Weixiong Wu,et al.  Thermal management optimization of a prismatic battery with shape-stabilized phase change material , 2018, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

[175]  D. Doughty,et al.  New Understanding of Energy Distributions Exhibited during Thermal Runaway of Commercial Lithium Ion Batteries used for Human Spaceflight Applications , 2016 .

[176]  Taejung Yeo,et al.  Coupled electrochemical thermal modelling of a novel Li-ion battery pack thermal management system , 2016 .

[177]  Ralph E. White,et al.  Mathematical modeling of the capacity fade of Li-ion cells , 2003 .

[178]  Vincent Ayel,et al.  Experimental investigation of a pulsating heat pipe for hybrid vehicle applications , 2013 .

[179]  Chaoyang Wang,et al.  A Fast Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery at Subfreezing Temperatures , 2016 .

[180]  Srinivas Garimella,et al.  Passive, internal thermal management system for batteries using microscale liquid–vapor phase change , 2013 .

[181]  Ya-Ling He,et al.  Internal cooling of a lithium-ion battery using electrolyte as coolant through microchannels embedded inside the electrodes , 2015 .

[182]  Qingsong Wang,et al.  Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery , 2012 .

[183]  Attila Magyar,et al.  Modeling and optimization of electrical vehicle batteries in complex clean energy systems , 2012 .

[184]  Y. Dube,et al.  Low temperature aging tests for lithium-ion batteries , 2015, 2015 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE).

[185]  Suresh G. Advani,et al.  Thermal analysis and management of lithium-titanate batteries , 2011 .

[186]  Zirong Lin,et al.  Heat transfer characteristics and LED heat sink application of aluminum plate oscillating heat pipes , 2011 .

[187]  R. Staniewicz,et al.  Improved low temperature performance of lithium ion cells with quaternary carbonate-based electrolytes , 2003 .

[188]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Experimental and theoretical investigations of heat generation rates for a water cooled LiFePO4 battery , 2016 .

[189]  Chen Lin,et al.  Configuration optimization of battery pack in parallel air-cooled battery thermal management system using an optimization strategy , 2017 .

[190]  Subbarao Surampudi,et al.  Effects of SEI on the kinetics of lithium intercalation , 2001 .

[191]  Sungjin Park,et al.  Battery cell arrangement and heat transfer fluid effects on the parasitic power consumption and the cell temperature distribution in a hybrid electric vehicle , 2013 .

[192]  Henk Nijmeijer,et al.  Battery thermal management by boiling heat-transfer , 2014 .

[193]  Siaw Kiang Chou,et al.  Ultra-thin minichannel LCP for EV battery thermal management , 2014 .

[194]  Yuwen Zhang,et al.  Thermal management improvement of an air-cooled high-power lithium-ion battery by embedding metal foam , 2015 .

[195]  John McPhee,et al.  A survey of mathematics-based equivalent-circuit and electrochemical battery models for hybrid and electric vehicle simulation , 2014 .

[196]  Qian Wang,et al.  Analysing and evaluating a thermal management solution via heat pipes for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles , 2015 .

[197]  Doron Aurbach,et al.  Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries: a review , 2011 .

[198]  Anthony Jarrett,et al.  Design optimization of electric vehicle battery cooling plates for thermal performance , 2011 .

[199]  Suvash C. Saha,et al.  Nanofluid-based cooling of cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs employing forced air flow , 2017 .

[200]  Hsiu-Ping Lin,et al.  Low-Temperature Behavior of Li-Ion Cells , 2001 .

[201]  Xuning Feng,et al.  Mechanisms for the evolution of cell variations within a LiNixCoyMnzO2/graphite lithium-ion battery pack caused by temperature non-uniformity , 2018, Journal of Cleaner Production.

[202]  R. Mahamud,et al.  Reciprocating air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity , 2011 .

[203]  Yong Li,et al.  Investigation on the thermal performance of a battery thermal management system using heat pipe under different ambient temperatures , 2018 .

[204]  B. Li,et al.  Experimental investigation on EV battery cooling and heating by heat pipes , 2015 .

[205]  Yanbao Ma,et al.  Thermal management for high power lithium-ion battery by minichannel aluminum tubes , 2016 .

[206]  Yun-Ze Li,et al.  A forced gas cooling circle packaging with liquid cooling plate for the thermal management of Li-ion batteries under space environment , 2017 .

[207]  Michael Hinterberger,et al.  Energy savings and increased electric vehicle range through improved battery thermal management , 2016 .

[208]  Gholamreza Karimi,et al.  Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers , 2016 .

[209]  Daniel Leighton,et al.  Combined Fluid Loop Thermal Management for Electric Drive Vehicle Range Improvement , 2015 .

[210]  Iosu Aizpuru,et al.  Influence of Voltage Balancing on the Temperature Distribution of a Li-Ion Battery Module , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[211]  Guoqing Zhang,et al.  Preparation and thermal conductivity enhancement of composite phase change materials for electronic thermal management , 2015 .

[212]  Jiuchun Jiang,et al.  Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells , 2016 .

[213]  Xiongwen Zhang,et al.  Assessment of the forced air-cooling performance for cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs: A comparative analysis between aligned and staggered cell arrangements , 2015 .

[214]  Thomas F. Fuller,et al.  Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling to Evaluate Battery Thermal Management Strategies II. Edge and Internal Cooling , 2015 .

[215]  Jianbo Zhang,et al.  Internal heating of lithium-ion batteries using alternating current based on the heat generation model in frequency domain , 2015 .

[216]  Takamitsu Tajima,et al.  Boiling Liquid Battery Cooling for Electric Vehicle , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific).

[217]  Zhengguo Zhang,et al.  Experiment research on the effect of the evaporator’s configuration design of an innovative ultra-thin looped heat pipe , 2016 .

[218]  Thomas F. Fuller,et al.  Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling to Evaluate Battery Thermal Management Strategies I. Side Cooling , 2015 .

[219]  Rui Zhao,et al.  A review of thermal performance improving methods of lithium ion battery: Electrode modification and thermal management system , 2015 .

[220]  Gholamreza Karimi,et al.  Thermal analysis of high‐power lithium‐ion battery packs using flow network approach , 2014 .

[221]  Stefano Longo,et al.  A review on electric vehicle battery modelling: From Lithium-ion toward Lithium–Sulphur , 2016 .

[222]  M. Doyle,et al.  Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell , 1993 .

[223]  Yuying Yan,et al.  A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles , 2016 .

[224]  Jiateng Zhao,et al.  Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate , 2015 .