Integration of communication technologies in sensor networks to monitor the Amazon environment

Abstract Monitoring environmental parameters in the Amazon Rainforest is currently of great significance, as the rainforest actively contributes to the reduction of the climate change impact. The present study demonstrates the integration of various communication technologies based on open source software for monitoring environmental parameters in the Peruvian Amazon. The Napo River is a direct tributary of the Amazon River, connecting 450 km in the region of Loreto, Peru. The WiFi network that runs alongside the river is considered the longest in the world. This network will serve as a transport network over which available measurements, including humidity, temperature, total solar radiation (TSR), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and volumetric water content from the environmental sensors, will be relayed. The linkage between the diverse technologies, from the sensor network to the communication network, and the visualisation on the Internet are explained. The entire project has been planned using low-cost sensors, open source software, and minimal energy consumption.

[1]  Eric A. Davidson,et al.  Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia , 2000 .

[2]  J. A. Gazquez,et al.  Intelligent telemetry watches cave visitors , 2003 .

[3]  Carlos Rey-Moreno,et al.  A telemedicine WiFi network optimized for long distances in the Amazonian jungle of Peru , 2011, ExtremeCom.

[4]  T. B. V. Solinge.  Deforestation Crimes and Conflicts in the Amazon , 2010 .

[5]  Pilar Barreiro,et al.  A Review of Wireless Sensor Technologies and Applications in Agriculture and Food Industry: State of the Art and Current Trends , 2009, Sensors.

[6]  Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro,et al.  SISTEMA DE TELEMETRÍA PARA LA TRANSMISIÓN DE DATOS DESDE AMBULANCIA TELEMETRY SYSTEM FOR TRANSMISSION DATA FROM AN AMBULANCE , 2012 .

[7]  Philip Levis,et al.  RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2012, RFC.

[8]  Ramchand Oad,et al.  Comparison of Laboratory and Field Calibration of a Soil-Moisture Capacitance Probe for Various Soils , 2012 .

[9]  David E. Culler,et al.  Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks , 2007, RFC.

[10]  Damla Turgut,et al.  SOFROP: Self-organizing and fair routing protocol for wireless networks with mobile sensors and stationary actors , 2011, Comput. Commun..

[11]  Y. Malhi,et al.  Soil CO2 efflux in a tropical forest in the central Amazon , 2004 .

[12]  M. Kirschbaum,et al.  Can Trees Buy Time? An Assessment of the Role of Vegetation Sinks as Part of the Global Carbon Cycle , 2003 .

[13]  H. Vereecken,et al.  Evaluation of a low-cost soil water content sensor for wireless network applications , 2007 .

[14]  Jean-Pierre Hubaux,et al.  COMMON-Sense Net: Improved Water Management for Resource-Poor Farmers via Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development.

[15]  E. Davidson,et al.  The role of deep roots in the hydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures , 1994, Nature.

[16]  Miguel Garcia,et al.  A Wireless IP Multisensor Deployment , 2010 .

[17]  Ning Wang,et al.  Review: Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry-Recent development and future perspective , 2006 .

[18]  José A. Sobrino,et al.  Multi-temporal analysis of MODIS Land Products over the Amazon region , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium.

[19]  Chee-Yee Chong,et al.  Sensor networks: evolution, opportunities, and challenges , 2003, Proc. IEEE.

[20]  G. Asner,et al.  Drought stress and carbon uptake in an Amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[21]  Daniel Brissaud,et al.  An environmental assessment method for wireless sensor networks , 2012 .

[22]  M. Benghanem.  A low cost wireless data acquisition system for weather station monitoring , 2010 .

[23]  T.M. Johnson,et al.  Wireless Sensor Networks for Agroclimatology Monitoring in the Brazilian Amazon , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Communication Technology.

[24]  F. Wittmann,et al.  Tree species composition and diversity gradients in white‐water forests across the Amazon Basin , 2006 .

[25]  Hossam S. Hassanein,et al.  On current areas of interest in wireless sensor networks designs , 2006, Comput. Commun..

[26]  J. Collin Engstrom,et al.  Clear channel assessment in wireless sensor networks , 2008, ACM-SE 46.

[27]  J. Marengo,et al.  Characteristics and spatio-temporal variability of the Amazon River Basin Water Budget , 2005 .

[28]  David E. Culler,et al.  TinyOS: An Operating System for Sensor Networks , 2005, Ambient Intelligence.

[29]  Mikhail Afanasyev,et al.  Heterogeneous traffic performance comparison for 6LoWPAN enabled low-power transceivers , 2010, HotEmNets.

[30]  C. Peterson,et al.  CARBON CYCLE FOR RAPESEED OIL BIODIESEL FUELS , 1998 .

[31]  Damla Turgut,et al.  SOFROP: Self-organizing and fair routing protocol for wireless networks with mobile sensors and stationary actors , 2010, IEEE Local Computer Network Conference.

[32]  Lawrence R. Parsons,et al.  Performance of a New Capacitance Soil Moisture Probe in a Sandy Soil , 2009 .

[33]  Energy evaluations in wireless sensor networks: a reality check , 2011, MSWiM '11.

[34]  Richard J. Ladle,et al.  Modeling the photosynthetically active radiation in South West Amazonia under all sky conditions , 2012, Theoretical and Applied Climatology.

[35]  Gabriel Montenegro,et al.  IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals , 2007, RFC.

[36]  Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis,et al.  Integration of wireless sensor network and remote sensing for monitoring and determining irrigation demand in Cyprus , 2009, Remote Sensing.

[37]  R. Betts,et al.  Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model , 2000, Nature.

[38]  Francisco-Javier Simó-Reigadas,et al.  The design of a wireless solar-powered router for rural environments isolated from health facilities , 2008, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[39]  Tissa H. Illangasekare,et al.  Empirical two‐point α‐mixing model for calibrating the ECH2O EC‐5 soil moisture sensor in sands , 2008 .

[40]  Stephen Sitch,et al.  Variations in Amazon forest productivity correlated with foliar nutrients and modelled rates of photosynthetic carbon supply , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[41]  Drew W. Purves,et al.  Inferring Amazon leaf demography from satellite observations of leaf area index , 2011 .

[42]  E. Sills,et al.  Welfare Outcomes and the Advance of the Deforestation Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon , 2012 .

[43]  Pascal Thubert,et al.  Compression Format for IPv6 Datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4-Based Networks , 2011, RFC.