A study of bandwidth-sharing mechanisms in connection-oriented networks

There is an increasing interest in optical connection-oriented networks to support the high-speed and predictable-service requirements of applications used in the scientific research community. Various experimental testbeds have been created. One area of networking research in these testbed projects is dynamic bandwidth sharing because the number of universities and national research laboratories involved in these scientific projects is large enough to make the use of dedicated circuits (leased lines) prohibitively expensive. We propose two new bandwidth-sharing mechanisms, both of which are book-ahead (BA) reservation schemes for high-speed connection-oriented networks. First, we define two types of reservation requests: (i) session-type requests, which specify the required bandwidth and duration, and (ii) data-type requests, which specify the amount of data to be transferred. For session-type requests, we propose two variants: a BA-n scheme, in which a user specifies n acceptable call-initiation time options, and a BA-First scheme, in which a user accepts any call-initiation time. We construct two novel analytical models for these two variants of BA schemes. Using the analytical and simulation models, we show that BA schemes overcome the limitation of the immediate-request (IR) mechanism, making it feasible to support applications even when the per-call bandwidth is large relative to link capacity. Our second book-ahead mechanism called Varying-Bandwidth Delayed Start (VBDS) is for data-type (file transfer) requests. By having applications specify file sizes in their reservation requests, a VBDS scheduler is able to assign a varying-bandwidth allocation for different time ranges instead of a single fixed-rate. Through simulations, we show that this approach improves system performance when compared to fixed-bandwidth schemes significantly. As a complement to the analytical and simulation studies used in the design of our two proposed BA schemes, we undertake an implementation and experimental study of the IR bandwidth-sharing mode in high-speed connection-oriented networks. We deployed a three-node connection-oriented network called CHEETAH, and implemented a software package to support the IR bandwidth-sharing mode in this network. We obtain measurements for end-to-end circuit setup delays and per-switch signaling message processing delays. These measurements are useful for analytical and simulation studies of connection-oriented networks, and in network design and configurations.

[1]  Ariel Orda,et al.  Networks with advance reservations: the routing perspective , 2000, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2000. Conference on Computer Communications. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No.00CH37064).

[2]  Chen-Khong Tham,et al.  A Probing Approach for Effective Distributed Resource Reservation , 2003, QoS-IP.

[3]  Raj Jain,et al.  The art of computer systems performance analysis - techniques for experimental design, measurement, simulation, and modeling , 1991, Wiley professional computing.

[4]  Pablo Molinero-Fernández,et al.  TCP switching: exposing circuits to IP , 2001, HOT 9 Interconnects. Symposium on High Performance Interconnects.

[5]  Hua Li,et al.  Scheduling and Transport for File Transfers on High-Speed Optical Circuits , 2003, Journal of Grid Computing.

[6]  Kishor S. Trivedi.  Probability and Statistics with Reliability, Queuing, and Computer Science Applications , 1984 .

[7]  Qiang Song,et al.  Implementation of a GMPLS-based Network with End Host Initiated Signaling , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[8]  Sally Floyd,et al.  Wide-area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling , 1994 .

[9]  Roy D. Yates,et al.  Probability and stochastic processes , 1998 .

[10]  Tatu Ylönen,et al.  The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture , 2006, RFC.

[11]  Mor Harchol-Balter,et al.  Task assignment in a distributed system (extended abstract): improving performance by unbalancing load , 1997, SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98.

[12]  S. Martello,et al.  Exact Solution of the Two-Dimensional Finite Bon Packing Problem , 1998 .

[13]  M. Meyer,et al.  A computer-based heuristic for packing pooled shipment containers , 1990 .

[14]  Yakov Rekhter,et al.  Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (gmpls) User-network Interface (uni): Resource Reservation Protocol-traffic Engineering (rsvp-te) Support for the Overlay Model , 2005 .

[15]  Mark H. Ellisman,et al.  Data-intensive e-science frontier research , 2003, CACM.

[16]  Malathi Veeraraghavan,et al.  Experiences in implementing an experimental wide-area GMPLS network , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[17]  Dimitri P. Bertsekas,et al.  Data Networks , 1986 .

[18]  Tao Li,et al.  An Analytical Model for a Book-Ahead Bandwidth Scheduler , 2007, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[19]  O. Solgaard,et al.  Scalable optical cross-connect switch using micromachined mirrors , 2000, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[20]  Eberhard E. Bischoff,et al.  A comparative evaluation of heuristics for container loading , 1990 .

[21]  Edward G. Coffman,et al.  Scheduling File Transfers , 1985, SIAM J. Comput..

[22]  Wu-chun Feng,et al.  CHEETAH: circuit-switched high-speed end-to-end transport architecture , 2003, OptiComm: Optical Networking and Communications Conference.

[23]  Laurent Massoulié,et al.  Bandwidth sharing: objectives and algorithms , 2002, TNET.

[24]  Fred Baker,et al.  RSVP Cryptographic Authentication , 2000, RFC.

[25]  T. Downs,et al.  On the One-Moment Analysis of Telephone Traffic Networks , 1979, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[26]  Robert G. Gallager,et al.  Discrete Stochastic Processes , 1995 .

[27]  Randall J. Atkinson,et al.  Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol , 1995, RFC.

[28]  Sally Floyd,et al.  HighSpeed TCP for Large Congestion Windows , 2003, RFC.

[29]  R. Srikant,et al.  Resource sharing for book-ahead and instantaneous-request calls , 1999, TNET.

[30]  Malathi Veeraraghavan,et al.  CAM03-1: On the Suitability of Applications for GMPLS Networks , 2006, IEEE Globecom 2006.

[31]  Lars-Olof Burchard.  On the performance of computer networks with advance reservation mechanisms , 2003, The 11th IEEE International Conference on Networks, 2003. ICON2003..

[32]  Wu-chun Feng,et al.  The adverse impact of the TCP congestion-control mechanism in heterogeneous computing systems , 2000, Proceedings 2000 International Conference on Parallel Processing.

[33]  J. Heidemann,et al.  Expanding confidence in network simulations , 2001, IEEE Netw..

[34]  Jon Postel,et al.  File Transfer Protocol , 1985, RFC.

[35]  Christopher Allen,et al.  The TLS Protocol Version 1.0 , 1999, RFC.

[36]  Hugo Krawczyk,et al.  A Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol , 1999, IBM Syst. J..

[37]  Christos Bouras,et al.  An adaptive admission control algorithm for bandwidth brokers , 2004, Third IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, 2004. (NCA 2004). Proceedings..

[38]  Greg Minshall,et al.  Flow labelled IP: a connectionless approach to ATM , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM '96. Conference on Computer Communications.

[39]  Ralf Steinmetz,et al.  Concepts for Resource Reservation in Advance , 2004, Multimedia Tools and Applications.

[40]  Olov Schelén,et al.  Resource sharing in advance reservation agents , 1998, J. High Speed Networks.

[41]  Hua Li,et al.  A varying-bandwidth list scheduling heuristic for file transfers , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577).

[42]  Jonathan P. Lang,et al.  Link Management Protocol (LMP) , 2005, RFC.

[43]  L. Evans.  The Large Hadron Collider , 2007 .

[44]  Giorgio Ventre,et al.  Distributed advance reservation of real-time connections , 1997, Multimedia Systems.

[45]  Tao Li,et al.  A hardware-accelerated implementation of the RSVP-TE signaling protocol , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577).

[46]  Lou Berger,et al.  Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions , 2003, RFC.

[47]  B. Poonen,et al.  Reservation Probabilities , 2022 .

[48]  Sally Floyd,et al.  Wide area traffic: the failure of Poisson modeling , 1995, TNET.

[49]  Michael Pinedo,et al.  Scheduling: Theory, Algorithms, and Systems , 1994 .

[50]  Klaus Jansen,et al.  Off-Line and On-Line Call-Scheduling in Stars and Trees , 1997, WG.

[51]  Kireeti Kompella,et al.  Signalling Unnumbered Links in Resource ReSerVation Protocol - Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) , 2003, RFC.

[52]  Eric Mannie,et al.  Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Architecture , 2004, RFC.

[53]  Mischa Schwartz,et al.  Telecommunication networks: protocols, modeling and analysis , 1986 .

[54]  Jorma T. Virtamo.  A model of reservation systems , 1992, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[55]  Kevin L. Mills,et al.  Expand-ing confidence in network simulation , 2000 .

[56]  Ray Jain,et al.  The art of computer systems performance analysis - techniques for experimental design, measurement, simulation, and modeling , 1991, Wiley professional computing.

[57]  Wu-chun Feng,et al.  The Failure of TCP in High-Performance Computational Grids , 2000, ACM/IEEE SC 2000 Conference (SC'00).

[58]  Michel Gien,et al.  A File Transfer Protocol (FTP) , 1978, Comput. Networks.

[59]  Malathi Veeraraghavan,et al.  Analysis and design of book-ahead bandwidth-sharing mechanisms , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[60]  Cheng Jin,et al.  FAST TCP: Motivation, Architecture, Algorithms, Performance , 2006, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[61]  Dave Katz,et al.  Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2 , 2003, RFC.

[62]  Alan O. Freier,et al.  The SSL Protocol Version 3.0 , 1996 .

[63]  Malathi Veeraraghavan,et al.  A Transport Protocol for Dedicated End-to-End Circuits , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[64]  Daniele Vigo,et al.  The Three-Dimensional Bin Packing Problem , 2000, Oper. Res..

[65]  Injong Rhee,et al.  Binary increase congestion control (BIC) for fast long-distance networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[66]  Tom Kelly,et al.  Scalable TCP: improving performance in highspeed wide area networks , 2003, CCRV.

[67]  Malathi Veeraraghavan,et al.  Addressing and secure control-plane network design in GMPLS networks , 2005 .

[68]  D Sadot,et al.  Free-space optical cross-connect switch by use of electroholography. , 2000, Applied optics.

[69]  Chase Qishi Wu,et al.  Ultrascience net: network testbed for large-scale science applications , 2005, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[70]  Ao Tang,et al.  Is fair allocation always inefficient , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[71]  H. Wang,et al.  Design of a high-performance RSVP-TE hardware signaling accelerator , 2005, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[72]  Anant P. Mudambi,et al.  FRTP : Fixed Rate Transport Protocol-- A modified version of SABUL for end-to-end circuits , .