A worksheet-based tool to implement reactive transport models in COMSOL Multiphysics.

The increasing needs for modelling of reactive transport phenomena in different areas of environmental modelling have led to the development of many numerical codes. However, many of them suffer from a lack of flexibility, which hinders the adaptation of the codes to new problems. Moreover, in many cases, changes can be done by a very reduced group of people, and often by a single person, the main developer. Implementation platforms based on multiphysics modelling removes these barriers, although until now within that programming environments has been only possible the coupling of geochemical codes to transport equations using operator splitting techniques. This paper presents the EE4MGM tool, a MS Excel worksheet, provided in supplementary material, for the edition and complete implementation of reactive transport models in COMSOL. The tool automatically generates the code needed to solve the desired reactive transport problem by selecting only which species make up the geochemical system. This way, the numerical model will be completely adapted to the idealisation to be applied, being able to choose easily and effortlessly from a wide range of different levels of conceptual complexity. The organization of data input and the equation libraries obtained for the implementation in the multiphysics COMSOL environment are first described. Afterwards, two examples, in one and two-dimensional domains, to check the utility of the tool are presented.

[1]  D Mallants,et al.  Operator-splitting errors in coupled reactive transport codes for transient variably saturated flow and contaminant transport in layered soil profiles. , 2006, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[2]  David E. Amstutz,et al.  Water Contamination Modeling—A Review of the State of the Science , 2013 .

[3]  M. Moranville,et al.  Physicochemical equilibria of cement-based materials in aggressive environments—experiment and modeling , 2004 .

[4]  Björn Gylling,et al.  Advancing the Modelling Environment for the Safety Assessment of the Swedish LILW Repository at Forsmark , 2015 .

[5]  Ángel Yustres,et al.  Development of a THMC code for bentonites in COMSOL Multiphysics , 2020, E3S Web of Conferences.

[6]  D. A. Barry,et al.  2 , , 1993 .

[7]  Jinping Ou,et al.  A COMSOL-PHREEQC interface for modeling the multi-species transport of saturated cement-based materials , 2018, Construction and Building Materials.

[8]  Cass T. Miller,et al.  Analysis of split operator methods for nonlinear and multispecies groundwater chemical transport models , 1997 .

[9]  Pablo Cañizares,et al.  Multiphysics Implementation of Electrokinetic Remediation Models for Natural Soils and Porewaters , 2017 .

[10]  Lara Duro,et al.  Andra thermodynamic database for performance assessment: ThermoChimie , 2014 .

[11]  Naoki Hiroyoshi,et al.  Simultaneous leaching of arsenite, arsenate, selenite and selenate, and their migration in tunnel-excavated sedimentary rocks: II. Kinetic and reactive transport modeling. , 2017, Chemosphere.

[12]  Jaewon Lee,et al.  Development of User-friendly Modeling Interface for Process-based Total System Performance Assessment Framework (APro) for Geological Disposal System of High-level Radioactive Waste , 2019 .

[13]  David W. Blowes,et al.  Multicomponent reactive transport modeling in variably saturated porous media using a generalized formulation for kinetically controlled reactions , 2002 .

[14]  Antonio Gens,et al.  A chemo-mechanical constitutive model accounting for cation exchange in expansive clays , 2013 .

[15]  Paul Houston,et al.  Automatic symbolic computation for discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods , 2018, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[16]  R. Bowman,et al.  Electrokinetic ion transport through unsaturated soil: 1. Theory, model development, and testing. , 2002, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[17]  Paolo Trinchero,et al.  Interface COMSOL-PHREEQC (iCP), an efficient numerical framework for the solution of coupled multiphysics and geochemistry , 2014, Comput. Geosci..

[18]  Jing Sun,et al.  Potential CO2 intrusion in near-surface environments: a review of current research approaches to geochemical processes , 2019, Environmental Geochemistry and Health.

[19]  Ipsita Gupta,et al.  A review of reactive transport modeling in wellbore integrity problems , 2019, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering.

[20]  Kerry T.B. MacQuarrie,et al.  Reactive transport and thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling in deep sedimentary basins affected by glaciation cycles: model development, verification, and illustrative example , 2016 .

[21]  N. Spycher,et al.  Reactive Transport Modeling: A Key Performance Assessment Tool for the Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste , 2019, Elements.

[22]  Philip James Vardon,et al.  Reactive transport of chemicals in unsaturated soils: numerical model development and verification , 2016 .

[23]  P Cañizares,et al.  Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted soils by anolyte pH conditioning. , 2018, Chemosphere.

[24]  Patrick Dangla,et al.  Degradation modelling of concrete submitted to sulfuric acid attack , 2013 .

[25]  K. Ulrich Mayer,et al.  Parallelization of MIN3P-THCm: A high performance computational framework for subsurface flow and reactive transport simulation , 2017, Environ. Model. Softw..

[26]  Chang Li,et al.  A COMSOL-GEMS interface for modeling coupled reactive-transport geochemical processes , 2016, Comput. Geosci..

[27]  C. Martínez-Huitle,et al.  Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils , 2019, Separation and Purification Technology.

[28]  Georg Kosakowski,et al.  A framework for reactive transport modeling using FEniCS–Reaktoro: governing equations and benchmarking results , 2020, Computational Geosciences.

[29]  Laura Dalton,et al.  A review of geochemical–mechanical impacts in geological carbon storage reservoirs , 2019, Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology.

[30]  Liange Zheng,et al.  A coupled THMC model of a heating and hydration laboratory experiment in unsaturated compacted FEBEX bentonite , 2010 .

[31]  E. Samson,et al.  Modeling the transport of ions in unsaturated cement-based materials , 2007 .

[32]  Othman Nasir,et al.  A simulator for modeling of porosity and permeability changes in near field sedimentary host rocks for nuclear waste under climate change influences , 2014 .

[33]  R. Mosé,et al.  Operator-splitting procedures for reactive transport and comparison of mass balance errors. , 2004, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[34]  Andrew T. T. McRae,et al.  Automated Generation and Symbolic Manipulation of Tensor Product Finite Elements , 2014, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[35]  David A. Ham,et al.  Automated Derivation of the Adjoint of High-Level Transient Finite Element Programs , 2013, SIAM J. Sci. Comput..

[36]  V. Navarro,et al.  Modeling of the Thermohydrodynamic and Reactive Behavior of Compacted Clay for High-Level Radionuclide Waste-Management Systems , 2010 .

[37]  L Tiruta-Barna Using PHREEQC for modelling and simulation of dynamic leaching tests and scenarios. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[38]  Pablo Cañizares,et al.  Effect of Polarity Reversal on the Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of 2,4-D-polluted Soils: A Numerical Study , 2017 .

[39]  Emil M. Constantinescu,et al.  Multiphysics simulations , 2013, HiPC 2013.

[40]  Gema De la Morena,et al.  Development of a multiphysics numerical solver for modeling the behavior of clay-based engineered barriers , 2019, Nuclear Engineering and Technology.

[41]  Thomas Kalbacher,et al.  Reactive transport codes for subsurface environmental simulation , 2015, Computational Geosciences.

[42]  C. Steefel,et al.  A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution rea , 1994 .

[43]  Jean-Raynald de Dreuzy,et al.  TReacLab: An object-oriented implementation of non-intrusive splitting methods to couple independent transport and geochemical software , 2017, Comput. Geosci..

[44]  M. Descostes,et al.  Development and application of the thermodynamic database PRODATA dedicated to the monitoring of mining activities from exploration to remediation. , 2020, Chemosphere.

[45]  Jonny Rutqvist,et al.  Coupled THMC models for bentonite in an argillite repository for nuclear waste: Illitization and its effect on swelling stress under high temperature , 2017 .

[46]  Peng Jia,et al.  A Review of Surface Water Quality Models , 2013, TheScientificWorldJournal.