2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.

Jeffrey L. Anderson, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Jonathan L. Halperin, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair-Elect Nancy M. Albert, PhD, RN, FAHA Biykem Bozkurt, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Ralph G. Brindis, MD, MPH, MACC Lesley H. Curtis, PhD, FAHA David DeMets, PhD[¶¶][1] Lee A. Fleisher, MD, FACC, FAHA Samuel

[1]  F. Edwards,et al.  The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: introduction. , 2009, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[2]  B. Massie,et al.  Ventricular arrhythmias in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. , 1992, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).

[3]  T. Takaro,et al.  Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease. III. Methods and baseline characteristics, including experience with medical treatment. By the Veterans Administration Cooperative Group for the Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease. , 1977, The American journal of cardiology.

[4]  H. Yamaue,et al.  Atrial fibrillation after esophageal cancer surgery: an analysis of 207 consecutive patients , 2014, Surgery Today.

[5]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Risk of aortic aneurysm surgery as assessed by preoperative gated heart pool scan , 1989, The British journal of surgery.

[6]  The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery , 2000 .

[7]  M. Sydes,et al.  Perioperative beta-blockade (POBBLE) for patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[8]  L. Way,et al.  Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 1992 .

[9]  H. Pilegaard,et al.  Amiodarone is a cost-neutral way of preventing atrial fibrillation after surgery for lung cancer. , 2014, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[10]  P. Lindenauer,et al.  Lipid-lowering therapy and in-hospital mortality following major noncardiac surgery , 2004, JAMA.

[11]  C. O'connor,et al.  Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[12]  U. Elkayam Clinical characteristics of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: diagnosis, prognosis, and management. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[13]  K. Rieger,et al.  A randomized trial evaluating amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after pulmonary resection. , 2009, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[14]  G. Dumanian,et al.  Resident Involvement and Plastic Surgery Outcomes: An Analysis of 10,356 Patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database , 2013, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[15]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  The role of preoperative radionuclide ventriculography in defining outcome after revascularization of the extremity. , 1990, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[16]  E. Kramer,et al.  The value of radionuclide angiography as a predictor of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. , 1984, Journal of vascular surgery.

[17]  J. Hammon,et al.  Prophylactic nitroglycerin did not reduce myocardial ischemia during accelerated recovery management of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. , 2000, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[18]  Thoralf M Sundt,et al.  2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Circulation.

[19]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Prognostic value of routine preoperative electrocardiography in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[20]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Prognostic Implications of Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[21]  Denis Xavier,et al.  Characteristics and Short-Term Prognosis of Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 2011, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[22]  P. Lindenauer,et al.  The potential preventability of postoperative myocardial infarction: underuse of perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade. , 2004, Archives of internal medicine.

[23]  J. Berlin,et al.  The Utility of Preoperative Electrocardiograms in the Ambulatory Surgical Patient , 1992 .

[24]  D. Schroeder,et al.  Time and Cardiac Risk of Surgery after Bare-metal Stent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , 2008, Anesthesiology.

[25]  G. Fonarow,et al.  ACC/AHA statement on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Circulation.

[26]  O. Munck,et al.  A Comparison of Dipyridamole Thallium 201 Scintigraphy and Clinical Examination in the Determination of Cardiac Risk Before Arterial Reconstruction , 1994 .

[27]  M. Cupa,et al.  Assessment by dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy of coronary risk before peripheral vascular surgery. , 1988, Surgery.

[28]  C. Ko,et al.  Coronary revascularization after myocardial infarction can reduce risks of noncardiac surgery. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[29]  L. Goldman,et al.  Supraventricular Arrhythmia in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery: Clinical Correlates and Effect on Length of Stay , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[30]  C. White,et al.  Outcomes of Perioperative β-Blockade in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis , 2009, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[31]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  The role of preoperative radionuclide ejection fraction in direct abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. , 1988, Journal of vascular surgery.

[32]  Allan S. Detsky,et al.  Predicting cardiac complications in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery , 1986, Journal of General Internal Medicine.

[33]  D. Sessler,et al.  Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty , 1996, The Lancet.

[34]  P. Lindenauer,et al.  Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  P. H. van der Voort,et al.  Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[36]  T. B. Investigators,et al.  Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) , 1997, Circulation.

[37]  L. Fleisher,et al.  From Creatine Kinase-MB to Troponin: The Adoption of a New Standard , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[38]  E. Halm,et al.  Echocardiography for Assessing Cardiac Risk in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[39]  R. Peters,et al.  A systematic review of selective and non-selective beta blockers for prevention of vascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. , 2009, The Netherlands journal of medicine.

[40]  J. Wynne,et al.  Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[41]  PubMed Id ACCF/AHA clinical practice guideline methodology summit report: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013 .

[42]  E. Mascha,et al.  The Effects of Mild Perioperative Hypothermia on Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement , 2008, Anesthesiology.

[43]  J. Goodwin,et al.  Overuse of Preoperative Cardiac Stress Testing in Medicare Patients Undergoing Elective Noncardiac Surgery , 2013, Annals of surgery.

[44]  J. Cohn,et al.  The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  Janet S. Wright,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesi , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[46]  N. Nader,et al.  Anesthetic myocardial protection with sevoflurane. , 2004, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[47]  B. Subramaniam,et al.  Perioperative diastolic dysfunction during vascular surgery and its association with postoperative outcome. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[48]  M. Kontos,et al.  Cardiac complications in noncardiac surgery: relative value of resting two-dimensional echocardiography and dipyridamole thallium imaging. , 1996, American heart journal.

[49]  W. Weaver,et al.  Influence of coronary bypass surgery on subsequent outcome of patients resuscitated from out of hospital cardiac arrest. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[50]  J R Roelandt,et al.  Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for Assessment of Perioperative Cardiac Risk in Patients Undergoing Major Vascular Surgery , 1993, Circulation.

[51]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  ACCF/AHA clinical practice guideline methodology summit report: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[52]  I. R. Thomson,et al.  Sustained prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for late cardiac events after major noncardiac vascular surgery. , 1997, Circulation.

[53]  J. Coromilas,et al.  Prophylactic nitroglycerin infusion during noncardiac surgery does not reduce perioperative ischemia. , 1993, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[54]  S. Virani,et al.  Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Perioperative Beta Blockade in Noncardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review fo , 2014 .

[55]  W. Browner,et al.  Monitoring for myocardial ischemia during noncardiac surgery. A technology assessment of transesophageal echocardiography and 12-lead electrocardiography. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. , 1992, JAMA.

[56]  D. Fink,et al.  Multicenter clinical and analytical evaluation of the AxSYM troponin-I immunoassay to assist in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. , 1999, Clinical chemistry.

[57]  E. Cook,et al.  Value of immediate postoperative electrocardiogram to update risk stratification after major noncardiac surgery. , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[58]  J. Hentz,et al.  Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiographic findings and subsequent short‐term adverse cardiac events after orthotopic liver transplantation , 2008, Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.

[59]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  The role of preoperative radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction for risk assessment in carotid surgery. , 1988, Archives of surgery.

[60]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Coronary artery bypass grafting is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention in prevention of perioperative myocardial infarctions during subsequent vascular surgery. , 2006, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[61]  P. Rehak,et al.  Role of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in identifying patients at high risk for adverse outcome after emergent non-cardiac surgery. , 2013, British journal of anaesthesia.

[62]  A. Zangrillo,et al.  Cardiac protection by volatile anaesthetics: a multicentre randomized controlled study in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass , 2007, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[63]  H. Saconato,et al.  Beta-blockers for preventing stroke recurrence. , 2014, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[64]  Randolph P. Martin,et al.  Transthoracic Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery , 2007, Obesity surgery.

[65]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  A meta-analysis of safety and effectiveness of perioperative beta-blocker use for the prevention of cardiac events in different types of noncardiac surgery , 2006, Coronary artery disease.

[66]  Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[67]  B. Hindman,et al.  Perioperative Hypothermia (33°C) Does Not Increase the Occurrence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Cerebral Aneurysm Surgery: Findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[68]  E. Kramer,et al.  The value of the radionuclide angiogram in the prediction of perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures. , 1985, Circulation.

[69]  C N McCollum,et al.  Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing and risk of early mortality following abdominal aortic aneurysm repair , 2012, The British journal of surgery.

[70]  R. Hauser,et al.  Deaths associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillator failure and deactivation reported in the United States Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database. , 2004, Heart rhythm.

[71]  John V. White,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. , 2011, Circulation.

[72]  M. Nobuyoshi,et al.  Incidence and Outcome of Surgical Procedures After Coronary Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: A Report From the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG Registry Cohort-2 , 2012, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[73]  Homer Yang,et al.  The effects of perioperative β-blockade: Results of the Metoprolol after Vascular Surgery (MaVS) study, a randomized controlled trial , 2006 .

[74]  Pd Hayes,et al.  Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides a predictive tool for early and late outcomes in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients , 2012, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

[75]  J. Birkmeyer,et al.  Trends in hospital volume and operative mortality for high-risk surgery. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[76]  Jon S Thompson,et al.  Effect of Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia on Perioperative Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study , 2001, Annals of surgery.

[77]  T. Araki,et al.  Dipyridamole thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for prediction of perioperative cardiac events in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans undergoing vascular surgery. , 1998, Japanese circulation journal.

[78]  R. Higgins,et al.  The relationship between perioperative temperature and adverse outcomes after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[79]  T. Chalmers,et al.  Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration , 1994, The Lancet.

[80]  Myrna M. Khan,et al.  A retrospective cohort study: 10-year trend of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biological agents use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis at Veteran Affairs Medical Centers , 2013, BMJ Open.

[81]  A. Kurz,et al.  Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[82]  L. Way,et al.  Monitoring for Myocardial Ischemia During Noncardiac Surgery: A Technology Assessment of Transesophageal Echocardiography and 12-Lead Electrocardiography , 1992 .

[83]  J. Elmore,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography for cardiac risk assessment before aortic surgery. , 1993, Journal of vascular surgery.

[84]  E. Vicaut,et al.  Dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy and gated radionuclide angiography to assess cardiac risk before abdominal aortic surgery. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[85]  Michael J. Mack,et al.  Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[86]  H. Nathoe,et al.  Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery and its Association With Short-Term Mortality , 2013 .

[87]  M. Zornow,et al.  Low Utility of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiograms in the Preoperative Evaluation of Patients Scheduled for Noncardiac Surgery , 2002, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[88]  C. Grines,et al.  Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American D , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[89]  H. Wijeysundera,et al.  Risk of Elective Major Noncardiac Surgery After Coronary Stent Insertion: A Population-Based Study , 2012, Circulation.

[90]  Nancy M Albert,et al.  2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[91]  Paolo Prandoni,et al.  Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. , 2012, Chest.

[92]  M. Seeberger,et al.  Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised cardiac index for peri-operative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery. , 2013, European heart journal.

[93]  K. Davis,et al.  Risk of noncardiac operation in patients with defined coronary disease: The Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry experience. , 1986, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[94]  M. Shishehbor,et al.  Statin Therapy in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Intermediate‐Risk Noncardiac, Nonvascular Surgery , 2013, Clinical cardiology.

[95]  J. Shaver,et al.  Noncardiac surgery and the risk of death and other cardiovascular events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , 2006, Clinical cardiology.

[96]  Sunil V. Rao,et al.  Red Blood Cell Transfusion: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the AABB* , 2012, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[97]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[98]  J. Sear,et al.  Meta-analysis of the effect of heart rate achieved by perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade on cardiovascular outcomes. , 2008, British journal of anaesthesia.

[99]  D. Karalapillai,et al.  Inadvertent hypothermia and mortality in postoperative intensive care patients: retrospective audit of 5050 patients , 2009, Anaesthesia.

[100]  D. Yates,et al.  Impaired functional capacity is associated with all-cause mortality after major elective intra-abdominal surgery. , 2010, British journal of anaesthesia.

[101]  A. Martinoni,et al.  Atrial fibrillation after operation for lung cancer: clinical and prognostic significance. , 1999, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[102]  R. Weiss,et al.  A meta-analysis of 3,773 patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention or surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis. , 2009, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[103]  M. Drazner,et al.  2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. , 2013, Circulation.

[104]  I. R. Thomson,et al.  Improved cardiac risk stratification in major vascular surgery with dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. , 1995, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[105]  D. Davenport,et al.  Thirty-day NSQIP database outcomes of open versus endoluminal repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[106]  K. Brasel,et al.  Postoperative atrial fibrillation in noncardiothoracic surgical patients. , 2001, American journal of surgery.

[107]  P. Austin,et al.  Duration of preoperative β-blockade and outcomes after major elective noncardiac surgery. , 2014, The Canadian journal of cardiology.

[108]  R. Passman,et al.  Prediction rule for atrial fibrillation after major noncardiac thoracic surgery. , 2005, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[109]  A. Wallace,et al.  Perioperative &bgr;-Blockade: Atenolol Is Associated with Reduced Mortality When Compared to Metoprolol , 2011, Anesthesiology.

[110]  V. Chopra,et al.  Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2012, Archives of surgery.

[111]  Daniel W. Jones,et al.  The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. , 2003, JAMA.

[112]  J. Leppo,et al.  Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac risk before elective vascular surgery. , 1987, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[113]  J. Carlisle,et al.  Mid-term survival after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery predicted by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. , 2007, The British journal of surgery.

[114]  M. Chung,et al.  The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Expert Consensus Statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers and arrhythmia monitors: facilities and patient management: executive summary this document was developed as a , 2011, Heart rhythm.

[115]  S. Reeves,et al.  Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. , 2013, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[116]  P. Older,et al.  Preoperative Evaluation of Cardiac Failure and Ischemia in Elderly Patients by Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing , 1993, Chest.

[117]  L. Reilly,et al.  Comparison of the findings on preoperative dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography: implications regarding the identification of myocardium at ischemic risk. , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[118]  D. Wijeysundera,et al.  Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis. , 2003, The American journal of medicine.

[119]  H. Thode,et al.  Evaluation of a new assay for cardiac troponin I vs creatine kinase-MB for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Biochemical Markers for Acute Myocardial Ischemia (BAMI) Study Group. , 1997, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[120]  M. Makary,et al.  Use of beta-blockers during aortic aneurysm repair: bridging the gap between evidence and effective practice. , 2009, Health affairs.

[121]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  Perioperative and late outcome in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less who require major vascular surgery. , 1988, Journal of vascular surgery.

[122]  L Goldman,et al.  Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. , 1977, The New England journal of medicine.

[123]  George A Wells,et al.  The Value of Routine Preoperative Electrocardiography in Predicting Myocardial Infarction After Noncardiac Surgery , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[124]  P. Poole‐Wilson,et al.  Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial , 2003, The Lancet.

[125]  M. Budoff,et al.  Association between coronary artery calcification progression and microalbuminuria: the MESA study. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular imaging.

[126]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Heart disease and stroke statistics--2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. , 2009, Circulation.

[127]  G. Lamas,et al.  ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients wi , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[128]  P. Berger,et al.  Clinical outcome of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the two months following coronary stenting. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[129]  M. Rowen,et al.  Extent of jeopardized viable myocardium determined by myocardial perfusion imaging best predicts perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[130]  H. Schelbert,et al.  Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions. , 1998, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[131]  A. Russo,et al.  HRS/ACCF expert consensus statement on pacemaker device and mode selection. , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[132]  A. Yamashina,et al.  Value of pharmacologic stress myocardial perfusion imaging for preoperative risk stratification for aortic surgery. , 2005, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[133]  L. Goldman,et al.  Incidence, predictors, and outcomes associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation after major noncardiac surgery. , 2012, American heart journal.

[134]  John Spertus,et al.  AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. , 2011, Circulation.

[135]  G. Schuler,et al.  Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with sirolimus-eluting stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting in unprotected left main stem stenosis. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[136]  Fountain Sw Surgery for lung cancer , 1998 .

[137]  R. Peters,et al.  Routine preoperative exercise testing in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. , 1985, The American journal of cardiology.

[138]  T. O'donnell,et al.  Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery. , 1990, Journal of vascular surgery.

[139]  Sankey V. Williams,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Ass , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[140]  F. Shawl,et al.  Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease , 1981 .

[141]  Bernard J. Gersh,et al.  Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Guiding Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , 2010 .

[142]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013, Circulation.

[143]  Guohua Li,et al.  Intraoperative Cardiac Arrests in Adults Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Survival Outcome , 2012, Anesthesiology.

[144]  M. Radford,et al.  Use of the multiple uptake gated acquisition scan for the preoperative assessment of cardiac risk. , 1988, Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics.

[145]  R. Califf,et al.  Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experience from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank). , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[146]  V. Chopra,et al.  The reply. , 2013, American Journal of Medicine.

[147]  Sean M. O'Brien,et al.  Risk factors for atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons general thoracic surgery database. , 2010, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[148]  Barry J Maron,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines , 2011, Circulation.

[149]  C. Pompili,et al.  Minute ventilation-to-carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO2) slope is the strongest predictor of respiratory complications and death after pulmonary resection. , 2012, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[150]  P. Coriat,et al.  Should the Angiotensin II Antagonists be Discontinued Before Surgery? , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[151]  C. Ting,et al.  Severe pulmonary hypertension complicates postoperative outcome of non-cardiac surgery. , 2007, British journal of anaesthesia.

[152]  Harlan M Krumholz,et al.  2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013, Circulation.

[153]  W. Browner,et al.  Predictors of postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. , 1992, JAMA.

[154]  P. Peduzzi,et al.  Survival in Subgroups of Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive Disease , 1982, Circulation.

[155]  B. Thompson,et al.  Nuclear cardiac ejection fraction and cardiac index in abdominal aortic surgery. , 1983, Surgery.

[156]  Á. Avezum,et al.  Unprotected left main revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes. , 2009, European heart journal.

[157]  Allen J. Taylor,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation: a pooled analysis of accuracy, perioperative and long term cardiovascular prognosis , 2013, The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging.

[158]  S. Wild,et al.  Previous Coronary Stent Implantation and Cardiac Events in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular interventions.

[159]  M. Mack,et al.  Outcomes in Patients With De Novo Left Main Disease Treated With Either Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Treatment in the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) Trial , 2010, Circulation.

[160]  T. Ryan,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography as a predictor of cardiac events associated with aortic surgery. , 1992, Journal of vascular surgery.

[161]  W. C. Sheldon,et al.  Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[162]  D. Berman,et al.  Comparison of the Short‐Term Survival Benefit Associated With Revascularization Compared With Medical Therapy in Patients With No Prior Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Stress Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography , 2003, Circulation.

[163]  Dachun Xu,et al.  Different &bgr;-Blockers and Initiation Time in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis , 2014, The American journal of the medical sciences.

[164]  W. S. Beattie,et al.  Epidural Analgesia Reduces Postoperative Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[165]  D. Wijeysundera,et al.  Systematic Review: Prediction of Perioperative Cardiac Complications and Mortality by the Revised Cardiac Risk Index , 2010, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[166]  S. Shernan,et al.  The Usefulness of Transesophageal Echocardiography During Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest in Noncardiac Surgery , 2006, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[167]  D. Duman,et al.  Predictive Value of Preoperative Electrocardiography for Perioperative Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac, Nonvascular Surgery , 2012, Clinical cardiology.

[168]  Barry J Maron,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Soci , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[169]  L. Goldman,et al.  Effect of mivazerol on perioperative cardiac complications during non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary heart disease: the European Mivazerol Trial (EMIT). , 1999, Anesthesiology.

[170]  Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events: A Randomized Clinical Trial , 1997 .

[171]  H. Weitz,et al.  Adenosine radionuclide perfusion imaging in the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. , 1995, The American journal of cardiology.

[172]  H. Mickley Asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot (ACIP) study. , 1996, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[173]  L. D. Saunders,et al.  Long-term survival in 11,661 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the era of stenting: a report from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) Investigators. , 2001, American heart journal.

[174]  Gordon H Guyatt,et al.  How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative β blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[175]  P. Stetson,et al.  Perioperative outcome and long-term mortality for heart failure patients undergoing intermediate- and high-risk noncardiac surgery: impact of left ventricular ejection fraction. , 2010, Congestive Heart Failure.

[176]  M. Hawn,et al.  Risk of Major Adverse Cardiac Events Following Noncardiac Surgery in Patients With Coronary Stents , 2014 .

[177]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Timing of noncardiac surgery after coronary artery stenting with bare metal or drug-eluting stents. , 2009, The American journal of cardiology.

[178]  J. R. Sneyd,et al.  Assessing fitness for surgery: a comparison of questionnaire, incremental shuttle walk, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in general surgical patients. , 2008, British journal of anaesthesia.

[179]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of perioperative and long-term outcome after vascular surgery. , 2009, Journal of vascular surgery.

[180]  Joseph Lindsay,et al.  Balloon aortic valvuloplasty for severe aortic stenosis as a bridge to transcatheter/surgical aortic valve replacement , 2012 .

[181]  M. Pfisterer,et al.  Long-term prognostic value of the preoperative 12-lead electrocardiogram before major noncardiac surgery in coronary artery disease. , 2006, American heart journal.

[182]  D. Dudek,et al.  Acute and late outcomes of unprotected left main stenting in comparison with surgical revascularization. , 2008, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[183]  杉本 昌之,et al.  ガイドライン解説 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline) , 2012 .

[184]  S. Kimmel,et al.  Perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal and mortality in vascular surgical patients. , 2001, American heart journal.

[185]  P. Teirstein,et al.  Contemporary percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary stenoses: initial results from a multicenter registry analysis 1994-1996. , 1997, Circulation.

[186]  D. Sessler,et al.  Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Are Not Associated with Respiratory Complications or Mortality After Noncardiac Surgery , 2012, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[187]  M. Verani,et al.  Preoperative risk stratification by adenosine thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography in patients undergoing vascular surgery , 1995, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[188]  C. Lavie,et al.  Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: How Do We Differentiate the Cause of Dyspnea? , 2004, Circulation.

[189]  E. Herrmann,et al.  Elevated cardiac troponin T is associated with higher mortality and amputation rates in patients with peripheral arterial disease. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[190]  E. Jones,et al.  Outcome of coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[191]  J. Katz,et al.  The value of routine preoperative medical testing before cataract surgery. Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[192]  Luca Segreti,et al.  Superior vena cava defibrillator coils make transvenous lead extraction more challenging and riskier. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[193]  Barry J Maron,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines , 2011, Circulation.

[194]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Incremental value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for the prediction of postoperative cardiac events in noncardiac vascular surgery patients , 2009, Coronary artery disease.

[195]  L. Køber,et al.  Association of β-blocker therapy with risks of adverse cardiovascular events and deaths in patients with ischemic heart disease undergoing noncardiac surgery: a Danish nationwide cohort study. , 2014, JAMA internal medicine.

[196]  Young-Hak Kim,et al.  Stents versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for left main coronary artery disease. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[197]  Intraoperative echocardiography in valvular heart disease: an evidence-based appraisal. , 2010, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[198]  Thomas O. Staiger,et al.  Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. , 1999, Archives of internal medicine.

[199]  M A Hlatky,et al.  A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). , 1989, The American journal of cardiology.

[200]  Hugh Calkins,et al.  2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[201]  S. Kapadia,et al.  Prognosis of patients with vascular disease after clinical evaluation and dobutamine stress echocardiography. , 1999, American heart journal.

[202]  H. Stratmann,et al.  Dipyridamole technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial tomography in patients evaluated for elective vascular surgery: prognostic value for perioperative and late cardiac events. , 1996, American heart journal.

[203]  Antonio Colombo,et al.  Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. , 2011, European heart journal.

[204]  David Julià,et al.  Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery. , 2014 .

[205]  W. Hundley,et al.  Assessment of preoperative cardiac risk with magnetic resonance imaging. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[206]  苅尾 七臣,et al.  ガイドライン解説 AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease : 2011 update , 2012 .

[207]  K. Kent,et al.  COMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES OF BALLOON AORTIC VALVULOPLASTY IN HIGH-RISK OR INOPERABLE PATIENTS , 2010 .

[208]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Is a pre-operative brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide measurement an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes within 30 days of noncardiac surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[209]  A. Weiss,et al.  Brain Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Perioperative Events in Cardiac Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Prospective Study , 2007, Cardiology.

[210]  D. Redelmeier,et al.  β blockers for elective surgery in elderly patients: population based, retrospective cohort study , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[211]  A. Buchan,et al.  Statins Are Associated With Better Outcomes After Carotid Endarterectomy in Symptomatic Patients , 2005, Stroke.

[212]  E. Schick,et al.  Cardiac events in patients with negative maximal versus negative submaximal dobutamine echocardiograms undergoing noncardiac surgery: importance of resting wall motion abnormalities. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[213]  B. Gersh Incidence, Predictors, and Outcome of Thrombosis After Successful Implantation of Drug-Eluting Stents , 2006 .

[214]  W. Studer,et al.  Randomized Comparison of Sevoflurane Versus Propofol to Reduce Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 2012, Circulation.

[215]  K. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Impact of pulmonary hypertension on the outcomes of noncardiac surgery: predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[216]  Warren J Manning,et al.  ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, , 2011, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[217]  L. Goldman,et al.  beta-Blockers and reduction of cardiac events in noncardiac surgery: scientific review. , 2002, JAMA.

[218]  G. Moneta The Predictive Ability of Pre-Operative B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Vascular Patients for Major Adverse Cardiac Events: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis , 2012 .

[219]  J. Eidt,et al.  Myocardial Infarction After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy: Results From the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial , 2011, Circulation.

[220]  L. Fleisher,et al.  Perioperative Beta Blockade in Noncardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review for the 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice G , 2014, Circulation.

[221]  Iain B Squire,et al.  Heart failure in younger patients: the Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). , 2014, European heart journal.

[222]  G. Levine,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. , 2011, Circulation.

[223]  G. Moneta Risk of Surgery Following Recent Myocardial Infarction , 2011 .

[224]  Thoralf M Sundt,et al.  2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[225]  D. Strawn,et al.  Dipyridamole thallium scanning in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in elective abdominal aortic surgery. , 1991, Archives of surgery.

[226]  J. Kirklin ACC/AHA guidelines and indications for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). , 1991, Circulation.

[227]  M. McAuliffe,et al.  Variability in the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification Scale. , 2003, AANA journal.

[228]  R. Tsuyuki,et al.  Revascularization in patients with heart failure , 2006, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[229]  R. Califf,et al.  Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. , 1996, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[230]  S. Garcia,et al.  Prognostic value of 12-lead electrocardiogram and peak troponin I level after vascular surgery. , 2013, Journal of vascular surgery.

[231]  I. Palacios,et al.  Percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty: its role in the management of patients with aortic stenosis requiring major noncardiac surgery. , 1989, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[232]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  ACCF/AHA clinical practice guideline methodology summit report: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[233]  David S. Smith,et al.  SURGICAL VERSUS ANESTHETIC COMPLICATIONS IN NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS EXPERIENCING VENOUS AIR EMBOLISM IN THE SITTING POSITION , 1984 .

[234]  R. Thisted,et al.  Premedication with Oral and Transdermal Clonidine Provides Safe and Efficacious Postoperative Sympatholysis , 1994, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[235]  D. Wennberg,et al.  Survival of patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of a large regional prospective study. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[236]  E. Cook,et al.  Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiography as a tool for risk stratification of patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. , 2001, The American journal of cardiology.

[237]  L. Fleisher,et al.  Practice Advisory for Preanesthesia Evaluation: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preanesthesia Evaluation , 2012, Anesthesiology.

[238]  Paul Stolee,et al.  Frailty is associated with postoperative complications in older adults with medical problems. , 2009, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[239]  L. Lisabeth,et al.  Guideline-Discordant Periprocedural Interruptions in Warfarin Therapy , 2011, Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.

[240]  Richard A. Goodman,et al.  AHA/ACC/HHS strategies to enhance application of clinical practice guidelines in patients with cardiovascular disease and comorbid conditions: from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and US Department of Health and Human Services. , 2014, Circulation.

[241]  A. Jaffe,et al.  Diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction with measurement of cardiac troponin I. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[242]  H. Halperin,et al.  Effects of Surgical and Endoscopic Electrocautery on Modern‐Day Permanent Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Systems , 2008, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[243]  J. Hiatt,et al.  Surgical Procedures for Patients Receiving Mechanical Cardiac Support , 2011, The American surgeon.

[244]  Carl J Pepine,et al.  ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[245]  C. K. Kirby THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THORACIC SURGERY , 1962 .

[246]  K. Rieger,et al.  A randomized, controlled study of amiodarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic esophagectomy. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[247]  M. Link,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. [corrected]. , 2012, Circulation.

[248]  R. Gibbons,et al.  Improved Survival in Asymptomatic Diabetic Patients With High-Risk Spect Imaging Treated With Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting , 2005, Circulation.

[249]  L. Fleisher,et al.  Perioperative Maintenance of Normothermia Reduces the Incidence of Morbid Cardiac Events , 1997 .

[250]  M. Oz,et al.  Noncardiac Surgery in Long‐Term Implantable Left Ventricular Assist‐Device Recipients , 1995, Annals of surgery.

[251]  J. Ornato,et al.  ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). , 2004, Circulation.

[252]  Sean M. O'Brien,et al.  Comparison of cardiac surgery volumes and mortality rates between the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Medicare databases from 1993 through 2001. , 2007, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[253]  D. Shindler,et al.  The utility of dobutamine echocardiography in preoperative evaluation for elective aortic surgery. , 1997, American journal of surgery.

[254]  S. Body,et al.  The Safety of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Case Series of 7200 Cardiac Surgical Patients , 2001, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[255]  Jeffrey L. Anderson,et al.  ACCF/AHA Expert Conseusus Document , 2009 .

[256]  D. Renlund,et al.  Outcome of noncardiac surgery in patients with ventricular assist devices. , 2009, The American journal of cardiology.

[257]  G. Jensen,et al.  The Diabetic Postoperative Mortality and Morbidity (DIPOM) trial: rationale and design of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of metoprolol for patients with diabetes mellitus who are undergoing major noncardiac surgery. , 2004, American heart journal.

[258]  J. Seeger A Clinical Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Safety of a Noninvasive Approach in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Major Vascular Surgery: The DECREASE-V Pilot Study , 2008 .

[259]  P. Serruys,et al.  Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[260]  Timothy J Gardner,et al.  Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American D , 2007, Circulation.

[261]  P. Rehak,et al.  Perioperative Ventricular Dysrhythmias in Patients with Structural Heart Disease Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 1998, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[262]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[263]  S. Pauker,et al.  A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: one- to eight-year outcomes. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[264]  R. Myerburg,et al.  Role of coronary artery surgery in patients surviving unexpected cardiac arrest. , 1975, Surgery.

[265]  J. Dery,et al.  Nonrandomized Comparison of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in Octogenarians , 2008, Circulation.

[266]  V. Rusch,et al.  Brain natriuretic peptide and risk of atrial fibrillation after thoracic surgery. , 2012, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[267]  M. Lipton,et al.  The VA cooperative randomized study of surgery for coronary arterial occlusive disease II. Subgroup with significant left main lesions. , 1976, Circulation.

[268]  Antonio Colombo,et al.  Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[269]  M. Lamy,et al.  Perioperative Sympatholysis: Beneficial Effects of the alpha2 ‐Adrenoceptor Agonist Mivazerol on Hemodynamic Stability and Myocardial Ischemia , 1997 .

[270]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[271]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Predictors of cardiac events after major vascular surgery: Role of clinical characteristics, dobutamine echocardiography, and beta-blocker therapy. , 2001, JAMA.

[272]  H. Scheld,et al.  Noncardiac surgery in patients with left ventricular assist devices. , 2001, Surgery.

[273]  M. Domanski,et al.  A comparative analysis of the results from 4 trials of beta-blocker therapy for heart failure: BEST, CIBIS-II, MERIT-HF, and COPERNICUS. , 2003, Journal of cardiac failure.

[274]  J. Seward,et al.  Safety of performing dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm > or = 4 cm in diameter. , 1996, The American journal of cardiology.

[275]  Robert N. Doughty,et al.  The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. , 2011, European heart journal.

[276]  C. O'connor,et al.  Impact of Heart Failure on Patients Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgery , 2008, Anesthesiology.

[277]  B. Gersh,et al.  Five-Year Follow-Up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of 3 Therapeutic Strategies for Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease , 2007 .

[278]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Association of plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide with postoperative cardiac events in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or leg bypass. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[279]  A. W. Undok Association Between Postoperative Troponin Levels and 30-Day Mortality Among Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery , 2012 .

[280]  C. Grines,et al.  Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American D , 2007, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[281]  Dan M Roden,et al.  [Guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Executive summary]. , 2006, Revista espanola de cardiologia.

[282]  W. Browner,et al.  The "natural history" of segmental wall motion abnormalities in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. S.P.I. Research Group. , 1990, Anesthesiology.

[283]  S. Reeves,et al.  Practice Guidelines for Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[284]  Guido Germano,et al.  Optimal Medical Therapy With or Without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Reduce Ischemic Burden: Results From the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) Trial Nuclear Substudy , 2008, Circulation.

[285]  C. O'connor,et al.  Revascularization for heart failure. , 2007, American heart journal.

[286]  J. Eidt,et al.  Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair , 2001, Vascular surgery.

[287]  A. Colombo [Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting]. , 2000, Italian heart journal. Supplement : official journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology.

[288]  P. J. Devereaux,et al.  The prognostic value of pre-operative and post-operative B-type natriuretic peptides in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: B-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[289]  K. Sharp,et al.  Management of General Surgical Problems in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices , 2006, The American surgeon.

[290]  Sean M. O'Brien,et al.  The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1--coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. , 2009, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[291]  D. Sessler,et al.  Mild Intraoperative Hypothermia Reduces Production of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates by Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes , 1996, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[292]  P. Shah,et al.  Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery with percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents for unprotected left main coronary artery disease. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[293]  T. Ryan,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of cardiac risk before noncardiac surgery. , 1991, The American journal of cardiology.

[294]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Cardiac Disease Evaluation and Management Among Kidney and Liver Transplantation Candidates: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[295]  J. Seward,et al.  Assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery: dobutamine stress echocardiography in 530 patients. , 2000, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[296]  H. Krumholz,et al.  Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[297]  J. Mayet,et al.  Meta-analysis of secure randomised controlled trials of β-blockade to prevent perioperative death in non-cardiac surgery , 2013, Heart.

[298]  Lippincott Williams Wilkins,et al.  ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death—Executive Summary , 2006 .

[299]  R. Califf,et al.  Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit. , 2006, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[300]  D. Berman,et al.  Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[301]  O. Alfieri,et al.  Percutaneous Treatment With Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation Versus Bypass Surgery for Unprotected Left Main Stenosis: A Single-Center Experience , 2006, Circulation.

[302]  Sean M. O'Brien,et al.  Association of hospital coronary artery bypass volume with processes of care, mortality, morbidity, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons composite quality score. , 2010, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[303]  C. Hackney Surgical care improvement project. , 2008, AORN journal.

[304]  G. Gravlee Mortality and Readmission of Patients With Heart Failure, Atrial Fibrillation, or Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: An Analysis of 38 047 Patients , 2012 .

[305]  G. Levine,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. , 2011, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[306]  F. Thivolet-Béjui,et al.  Unsuspected cardiac lesions associated with sudden unexpected perioperative death. , 2000, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[307]  Rodney A. White,et al.  ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography , 2006, Circulation.

[308]  B. Chaitman,et al.  Perioperative and long-term prognostic value of intravenous dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy in patients with peripheral vascular disease. , 1990, American heart journal.

[309]  M. Humbert,et al.  Outcomes of noncardiac, nonobstetric surgery in patients with PAH: an international prospective survey , 2012, European Respiratory Journal.

[310]  M. Irwin,et al.  The ASA Physical Status Classification: Inter-observer Consistency , 2002, Anaesthesia and intensive care.

[311]  Paul M Ridker,et al.  A trial-based approach to statin guidelines. , 2013, JAMA.

[312]  Anthony Rodgers,et al.  Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials , 2000, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[313]  F. Verheugt,et al.  Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[314]  A. Marshall,et al.  Abrupt withdrawal of atenolol in patients with severe angina: comparison with the effects of treatment. , 1986, British heart journal.

[315]  T. Lüscher The codex of science: honesty, precision, and truth--and its violations. , 2013, European heart journal.

[316]  J. Fletcher,et al.  Outcome in patients with failed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for peripheral vascular disease. , 1988, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[317]  J. Roth,et al.  Risk factors associated with atrial fibrillation after noncardiac thoracic surgery: analysis of 2588 patients. , 2004, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[318]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery: A Large, International, Prospective Cohort Study Establishing Diagnostic Criteria, Characteristics, Predictors, and 30-day Outcomes , 2014, Anesthesiology.

[319]  A. Arroliga,et al.  Surgical intervention in patients with moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. , 2006, Connecticut medicine.

[320]  A. Gelb,et al.  Perioperative Stroke in Noncardiac, Nonneurosurgical Surgery , 2011, Anesthesiology.

[321]  J. Duffy,et al.  Age and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy increase the risk of atrial fibrillation following oesophagectomy. , 2012, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery.

[322]  R. Gibbons,et al.  Supine exercise capacity identifies patients at low risk for perioperative cardiovascular events and predicts long-term survival. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[323]  S. Blankenberg,et al.  Serial changes in highly sensitive troponin I assay and early diagnosis of myocardial infarction. , 2011, JAMA.

[324]  Shuang Wang,et al.  Perioperative Acute Ischemic Stroke in Noncardiac and Nonvascular Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes , 2009, Anesthesiology.

[325]  H. Burkhart,et al.  Outcomes of general anesthesia for noncardiac surgery in a series of patients with Fontan palliation , 2013, Paediatric anaesthesia.

[326]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery. , 2009, The New England journal of medicine.

[327]  Comparison of ejection fraction and Goldman risk factor analysis to dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery. , 1990, Journal of vascular surgery.

[328]  W. Howard,et al.  Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease , 2008 .

[329]  I. R. Thomson,et al.  Failure of Intravenous Nitroglycerin to Prevent Intraoperative Myocardial Ischemia during Fentanyl–Pancuronium Anesthesia , 1984, Anesthesiology.

[330]  D. C. Brewster,et al.  Determination of cardiac risk by dipyridamole-thallium imaging before peripheral vascular surgery. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[331]  K. Heyman,et al.  Health characteristics of adults aged 55 years and over: United States, 2004-2007. , 2009, National health statistics reports.

[332]  D. Massel,et al.  Propranolol for the prevention of postoperative arrhythmias in general thoracic surgery. , 1999, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[333]  D. Nercolini,et al.  Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty in pregnant women with mitral stenosis , 2002, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[334]  M. Link,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2012, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[335]  V. Lawrence,et al.  Variations in Pharmacology of &bgr;-Blockers May Contribute to Heterogeneous Results in Trials of Perioperative &bgr;-Blockade , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[336]  D. Cutlip,et al.  Myocardial Infarction After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy: Results From the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial , 2012 .

[337]  B. Chaitman,et al.  Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. , 1995, Circulation.

[338]  R. Frye,et al.  Long-Term Clinical Outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation Registry Comparison With the Randomized Trial , 2000 .

[339]  Homer Yang,et al.  The effects of perioperative beta-blockade: results of the Metoprolol after Vascular Surgery (MaVS) study, a randomized controlled trial. , 2006, American heart journal.

[340]  D. Atkinson,et al.  Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for preoperative risk assessment before hepatic resection , 2012, The British journal of surgery.

[341]  N. Markin,et al.  Use of rapid "rescue" perioperative echocardiography to improve outcomes after hemodynamic instability in noncardiac surgical patients. , 2012, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[342]  E F Cook,et al.  Comparative Reproducibility and Validity of Systems for Assessing Cardiovascular Functional Class: Advantages of a New Specific Activity Scale , 1981, Circulation.

[343]  J. Calvin,et al.  The use of preoperative exercise testing to predict cardiac complications after arterial reconstruction. , 1988, Journal of vascular surgery.

[344]  G. Hillis,et al.  N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide is an independent predictor of postoperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[345]  R. Kerber,et al.  ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). , 2002, Circulation.

[346]  Furman S. McDonald,et al.  Clinical consequences of withholding versus administering renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists in the preoperative period. , 2008, Journal of hospital medicine.

[347]  Xiang Fang,et al.  Development and Validation of a Risk Calculator for Prediction of Cardiac Risk After Surgery , 2011, Circulation.

[348]  G. Biondi-Zoccai,et al.  Volatile anesthetics reduce mortality in cardiac surgery. , 2009, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[349]  A. Zangrillo,et al.  Myocardial damage prevented by volatile anesthetics: a multicenter randomized controlled study. , 2006, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[350]  S. Kimmel,et al.  Perioperative β-blocker withdrawal and mortality in vascular surgical patients , 2001 .

[351]  K.Y. Wang,et al.  Impact of chronic advanced aortic regurgitation on the perioperative outcome of noncardiac surgery , 2010, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[352]  A. Berman,et al.  Palliation of valvular aortic stenosis by balloon valvuloplasty as preoperative preparation for noncardiac surgery. , 1988, The American journal of cardiology.

[353]  A. Wu,et al.  Comparison of myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, and cardiac troponin I for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. , 1996, Annals of clinical and laboratory science.

[354]  A L Shroyer,et al.  A Decade’s Experience With Quality Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Using the Veterans Affairs and Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Databases , 2001, Annals of surgery.

[355]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Influence of renal function on the usefulness of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a prognostic cardiac risk marker in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[356]  Wendy L Aronson,et al.  Variability in the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status (PS) Classifcation Scale , 2003 .

[357]  Linda L. Liu,et al.  Preoperative Electrocardiogram Abnormalities Do Not Predict Postoperative Cardiac Complications in Geriatric Surgical Patients , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[358]  T. Feldman Balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Still under‐developed after two decades of use , 2013, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[359]  D. Capodanno,et al.  Global risk classification and clinical SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery) score in patients undergoing percutaneous or surgical left main revascularization. , 2011, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[360]  E. Hannan,et al.  Drug-Eluting Stents vs Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting in Multivessel Coronary Disease , 2008 .

[361]  W. Browner,et al.  Predictors of postoperative myocardial ischemia in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. , 1992, JAMA.

[362]  W. Beattie,et al.  Selective &bgr;1-Antagonism with Bisoprolol Is Associated with Fewer Postoperative Strokes than Atenolol or Metoprolol: A Single-center Cohort Study of 44,092 Consecutive Patients , 2013, Anesthesiology.

[363]  Donna K Arnett,et al.  AHA/ACC/HHS strategies to enhance application of clinical practice guidelines in patients with cardiovascular disease and comorbid conditions: from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. , 2014, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[364]  C. Phillips,et al.  Outcomes of patients with stable heart failure undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. , 2008, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[365]  E. Halm,et al.  Erratum: Echocardiography for assessing cardiac risk in patients having noncardiac surgery (Annals of Internal Medicine (1996) 125 (433-41)) , 1997 .

[366]  Emmanuel Touzé,et al.  Inclusion of stroke in cardiovascular risk prediction instruments: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. , 2012, Stroke.

[367]  P. Pronovost,et al.  Bundle-branch block as a risk factor in noncardiac surgery. , 2000, Archives of internal medicine.

[368]  Rodney A. White,et al.  ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): executive summary a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Ang , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[369]  S. Malviya,et al.  Anaesthetic management and outcomes after noncardiac surgery in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a retrospective review , 2012, European journal of anaesthesiology.

[370]  M. Trenell,et al.  Submaximal exercise testing predicts perioperative hospitalization after aortic aneurysm repair. , 2012, Journal of vascular surgery.

[371]  D. Waters,et al.  Preoperative coronary artery disease risk stratification based on dipyridamole imaging and a simple three-step, three-segment model for patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery or major general surgery. , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.

[372]  S. Murillo,et al.  Sevoflurane Provides Greater Protection of the Myocardium than Propofol in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery , 2004 .

[373]  M. Cerqueira,et al.  The role of peroperative radionuclide ejection fraction in direct abdominal aortic aneurysm repair , 1988 .

[374]  O. Alfieri,et al.  5-year outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent implantation versus coronary artery bypass graft for unprotected left main coronary artery lesions the Milan experience. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[375]  K. Eagle,et al.  Impact of adding aspirin to beta-blocker and statin in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. , 2013, Annals of vascular surgery.

[376]  B. Chaitman,et al.  Liberal or restrictive transfusion in high-risk patients after hip surgery. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[377]  Scott A. Garner,et al.  Dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients being considered for vascular procedures. , 1993, Archives of surgery.

[378]  V. Chopra,et al.  Perioperative Practice: Time to Throttle Back , 2010, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[379]  B. Rovner,et al.  Randomized clinical trial: a pilot study investigating the safety and effectiveness of an escalating dose of peginterferon &agr;-2a monotherapy for 48 weeks compared with standard clinical care in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis , 2012, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[380]  M. Jeong,et al.  Randomized trial of stents versus bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[381]  Fred S Apple,et al.  Third universal definition of myocardial infarction , 2012 .

[382]  H. Huikuri,et al.  Coronary angioplasty in drug eluting stent era for the treatment of unprotected left main stenosis compared to coronary artery bypass grafting , 2008, Annals of medicine.

[383]  Julio E. Pérez,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts surgical outcome in patients with an aortic aneurysm and peripheral vascular disease. , 1993, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[384]  J. Forrester,et al.  Predictive accuracy of SYNTAX score for predicting long-term outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery revascularization. , 2011, The American journal of cardiology.

[385]  P. L. Petersen,et al.  Effect of perioperative β blockade in patients with diabetes undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: randomised placebo controlled, blinded multicentre trial , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[386]  Thomas E. Moritz,et al.  Usefulness of revascularization of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease before elective vascular surgery for abdominal aortic and peripheral occlusive disease. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[387]  Silvia G Priori,et al.  ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Commit , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[388]  J. Powell Regarding "Perioperative beta-blockade (POBBLE) for patients undergoing infrarenal vascular surgery: results of a randomized double-blind controlled trial". , 2005 .

[389]  C. Ko,et al.  Development and evaluation of the universal ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator: a decision aid and informed consent tool for patients and surgeons. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[390]  M. Humbert,et al.  Noncardiothoracic nonobstetric surgery in mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension , 2009, European Respiratory Journal.

[391]  Arthur W Wallace,et al.  Effect of Clonidine on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality after Noncardiac Surgery , 2004, Anesthesiology.

[392]  B. Prendergast,et al.  Standalone balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Indications and outcomes from the UK in the transcatheter valve era , 2013, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[393]  M. Pencina,et al.  Frequency of major noncardiac surgery and subsequent adverse events in the year after drug-eluting stent placement results from the EVENT (Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events) Registry. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[394]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as long-term prognostic marker after major vascular surgery , 2005, Heart.

[395]  R. Green,et al.  Predictive value of dobutamine echocardiography just before noncardiac vascular surgery. , 1993, The American journal of cardiology.

[396]  A. Zangrillo,et al.  Halogenated anaesthetics and cardiac protection in cardiac and non-cardiac anaesthesia. , 2009, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[397]  Subhash Banerjee,et al.  Frequency and risk of noncardiac surgery after drug‐eluting stent implantation , 2011, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[398]  Jeffrey L. Anderson,et al.  The Evolution and Future of ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines: A 30-Year Journey A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines , 2014, Circulation.

[399]  M. Jeong,et al.  Long-term safety and efficacy of stenting versus coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease: 5-year results from the MAIN-COMPARE (Revascularization for Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty Versus Surgi , 2010, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[400]  I. Rubinfeld,et al.  Preoperative risk stratification for thoracic surgery using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set: functional status predicts morbidity and mortality. , 2012, The Journal of surgical research.

[401]  G. Stone,et al.  Unprotected left main coronary disease and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a contemporary review and argument for percutaneous coronary intervention. , 2010, JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions.

[402]  F. Bilotta,et al.  Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography in noncardiac surgery. , 2006, Annals of cardiac anaesthesia.

[403]  E. Tuzcu,et al.  Impact of Aortic Stenosis on Postoperative Outcomes After Noncardiac Surgeries , 2012, Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes.

[404]  D. Wortham,et al.  A Perioperative Management Algorithm for Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices: The PACED‐OP Protocol , 2013, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[405]  M. Chung,et al.  The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Expert Consensus Statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers and arrhythmia monitors: facilities and patient management this document was developed as a joint project with , 2011, Heart rhythm.

[406]  P. Teirstein,et al.  A collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis on 1278 patients undergoing percutaneous drug-eluting stenting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease. , 2008, American heart journal.

[407]  C. Tseng,et al.  Outcome after surgery and percutaneous intervention for cardiogenic shock and left main disease. , 2008, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[408]  M. Drazner,et al.  2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[409]  Frank Odberg,et al.  Future Research Directions , 1993 .

[410]  C. Coley,et al.  Combining clinical and thallium data optimizes preoperative assessment of cardiac risk before major vascular surgery , 1989 .

[411]  Wataru Shimizu,et al.  HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Inherited Primary Arrhythmia Syndromes , 2014 .

[412]  J. Bender,et al.  Routine pulmonary artery catheterization does not reduce morbidity and mortality of elective vascular surgery: results of a prospective, randomized trial. , 1997, Annals of surgery.

[413]  J. Pastore,et al.  The Risk of Advanced Heart Block in Surgical Patients with Right Bundle Branch Block and Left Axis Deviation , 1978, Circulation.

[414]  P. Rigo,et al.  Cardiac Risk Assessment before Vascular Surgery: A Prospective Study Comparing Clinical Evaluation, Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography, and Dobutamine Tc-99m Sestamibi Tomoscintigraphy , 1997 .

[415]  Jin Li-jun,et al.  The final 10-year follow-up results from the BARI randomized trial. , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[416]  M. Mori,et al.  Association of ambulatory use of statins and beta-blockers with long-term mortality after vascular surgery. , 2007, Journal of hospital medicine.

[417]  W. S. Beattie,et al.  Chronic &bgr; Blockade Is Associated with a Better Outcome after Elective Noncardiac Surgery than Acute &bgr; Blockade: A Single-center Propensity-matched Cohort Study , 2011, Anesthesiology.

[418]  G. Rücker,et al.  Low‐dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention – cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation – review and meta‐analysis , 2005, Journal of internal medicine.

[419]  M. Jeong,et al.  Preoperative plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentration and perioperative cardiovascular risk in elderly patients. , 2008, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[420]  A. Zangrillo,et al.  Cardiac protection by volatile anesthetics in non-cardiac surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies on clinically relevant endpoints , 2009, HSR proceedings in intensive care & cardiovascular anesthesia.

[421]  A. Jaffe,et al.  High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T in prediction and diagnosis of myocardial infarction and long-term mortality after noncardiac surgery. , 2013, American heart journal.

[422]  J. Turnbull,et al.  The Value of Preoperative Screening Investigations in Otherwise Healthy Individuals , 1987 .

[423]  H. Jensen,et al.  Amiodarone significantly decreases atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer. , 2012, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[424]  R. J. Valentine,et al.  Effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in aortic surgery: a randomized trial. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[425]  P. Alderson,et al.  Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery. , 2013, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[426]  W. C. Sheldon,et al.  Guidelines and indications for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Subcommittee on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). , 1991, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[427]  C. Snowden,et al.  Submaximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Predicts Complications and Hospital Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Major Elective Surgery , 2010, Annals of surgery.

[428]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Bisoprolol and Fluvastatin for the Reduction of Perioperative Cardiac Mortality and Myocardial Infarction in Intermediate-Risk Patients Undergoing Noncardiovascular Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial (DECREASE-IV) , 2009, Annals of surgery.

[429]  B. Gersh,et al.  Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. , 1989, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[430]  F. Martinez,et al.  Dobutamine stress echocardiography for the preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery. , 1999, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[431]  Nader Moazami,et al.  The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary. , 2013, The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.

[432]  H. Barnhart,et al.  Angioplasty or surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease: comparison of eligible registry and randomized patients in the EAST trial and influence of treatment selection on outcomes. Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial Investigators. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[433]  E F Cook,et al.  Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. , 1999, Circulation.

[434]  A. Branzi,et al.  Comparison between coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery stenosis (the Bologna Registry). , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[435]  R. Adolph,et al.  Cardiac prognosis in noncardiac geriatric surgery. , 1985, Annals of internal medicine.

[436]  L. Goldman,et al.  Assessing and Reducing the Cardiac Risk of Noncardiac Surgery , 2006, Circulation.

[437]  J. Leppo,et al.  Dipyridamole thallium 201 scintigraphy to detect coronary artery disease before abdominal aortic surgery. , 1987, Journal of vascular surgery.

[438]  V. Chair,et al.  ACCF/AHA Practice Guideline 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines , 2011 .

[439]  H. Calkins,et al.  2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery. , 2009, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[440]  A. Wallace,et al.  Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[441]  D. Schroeder,et al.  Outcomes of noncardiac surgical procedures in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Mayo Perioperative Outcomes Group. , 1998, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[442]  B. Winters,et al.  &ggr;‐Adrenergic Blockade Accelerates Conversion of Postoperative Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias , 1998, Anesthesiology.

[443]  Daniel W. Jones,et al.  Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. , 2003, Hypertension.

[444]  Silvia G Priori,et al.  ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Co , 2003, Circulation.

[445]  V. Chopra,et al.  Perioperative mischief: the price of academic misconduct. , 2012, The American journal of medicine.

[446]  P. Shah,et al.  Comparison of coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous drug-eluting stent implantation for treatment of left main coronary artery stenosis. , 2008, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[447]  A. A. Castro,et al.  Neuraxial anaesthesia for lower-limb revascularization. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[448]  M. Stone,et al.  Perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. , 2011, British journal of anaesthesia.

[449]  D. Karalapillai,et al.  Postoperative hypothermia and patient outcomes after major elective non‐cardiac surgery , 2013, Anaesthesia.

[450]  W. Rogers,et al.  Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. , 1989, Circulation.

[451]  S. Langlois,et al.  Comparison of withdrawal phenomena after propranolol, metoprolol and pindolol. , 1982, British journal of clinical pharmacology.

[452]  C. Maynard,et al.  Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS). , 1983, Circulation.

[453]  A. Wallace,et al.  Association of the Pattern of Use of Perioperative &bgr;-Blockade and Postoperative Mortality , 2010, Anesthesiology.

[454]  S. Cotev,et al.  Perioperative ischemia and cardiac complications in major vascular surgery: importance of the preoperative twelve-lead electrocardiogram. , 1997, Journal of vascular surgery.

[455]  C. O'connor,et al.  Outcomes in heart failure patients after major noncardiac surgery. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[456]  E. Tuzcu,et al.  Impact of severe mitral regurgitation on postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgery. , 2013, The American journal of medicine.

[457]  P. Coriat,et al.  The hemodynamic effects of anesthetic induction in vascular surgical patients chronically treated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. , 1999, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[458]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting on outcome after nonfatal cardiac arrest outside the hospital. , 2003, The American journal of cardiology.

[459]  Ji Hyun Min,et al.  Risk stratification using computed tomography coronary angiography in patients undergoing intermediate-risk noncardiac surgery. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[460]  B. Kasiske,et al.  Cardiac Disease Evaluation and Management Among Kidney and Liver Transplantation Candidates: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation , 2012, Circulation.

[461]  E. Fleming,et al.  Cardiac troponin I for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the emergency department. , 1997, American journal of clinical pathology.

[462]  I. Palacios,et al.  Immediate and long-term follow-up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. , 2006, The American journal of cardiology.

[463]  J J Bax,et al.  A meta-analysis comparing the prognostic accuracy of six diagnostic tests for predicting perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery , 2003, Heart.

[464]  Mark A Hlatky,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. , 2013, Circulation.

[465]  D. Malicier,et al.  Circumstances of Death and Gross and Microscopic Observations in a Series of 200 Cases of Sudden Death Associated With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and/or Dysplasia , 2003, Circulation.

[466]  Clifford Goodman,et al.  American Society of Anesthesiologists , 2020, Definitions.

[467]  Jennifer G. Robinson,et al.  2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. , 2014, Circulation.

[468]  S. McCluskey,et al.  Does Tight Heart Rate Control Improve Beta-Blocker Efficacy? An Updated Analysis of the Noncardiac Surgical Randomized Trials , 2008, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[469]  E. Catena,et al.  Noncardiac surgical procedures in patient supported with long-term implantable left ventricular assist device. , 2009, American journal of surgery.

[470]  M. Sanmarco,et al.  Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in coronary vessels with minimal lesions that are bypassed. , 1984, The New England journal of medicine.

[471]  David Amar,et al.  Older Age Is the Strongest Predictor of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation , 2002, Anesthesiology.

[472]  B. Massie,et al.  Dipyridamole Thallium‐201 Scintigraphy as a Preoperative Screening Test: A Reexamination of Its Predictive Potential , 1991, Circulation.

[473]  T. Ryan,et al.  Comparing Long-Term Survival of Patients With Multivessel Coronary Disease After CABG or PCI: Analysis of BARI-Like Patients in Northern New England , 2005, Circulation.

[474]  D. Cho,et al.  Preoperative NT-proBNP and CRP predict perioperative major cardiovascular events in non-cardiac surgery , 2009, Heart.

[475]  Justin B Dimick,et al.  Optimizing ACS NSQIP modeling for evaluation of surgical quality and risk: patient risk adjustment, procedure mix adjustment, shrinkage adjustment, and surgical focus. , 2013, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[476]  K. Kent,et al.  Complications and outcome of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in high-risk or inoperable patients. , 2010, JACC. Cardiovascular interventions.

[477]  M. Bains,et al.  Symptomatic tachydysrhythmias after esophagectomy: incidence and outcome measures. , 1996, The Annals of thoracic surgery.

[478]  D. Cook,et al.  The diagnosis of myocardial infarction in critically ill patients: an agreement study. , 2009, Journal of critical care.

[479]  R. Brant,et al.  A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[480]  Jason C. Fish,et al.  Evidence-based management of anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. , 2012, Chest.

[481]  Denis Xavier,et al.  Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial , 2008, The Lancet.

[482]  Charles J Bruce,et al.  Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transesophageal Echocardiographic Examination: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists , 2007, Anesthesia and Analgesia.

[483]  E. Varnauskas Twelve-year follow-up of survival in the randomized European Coronary Surgery Study. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[484]  G. Mashour,et al.  Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Perioperative Stroke in Noncarotid Major Vascular Surgery , 2013, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[485]  M. de Pauw,et al.  Acute and critically ill peripartum cardiomyopathy and 'bridge to' therapeutic options: a single center experience with intra-aortic balloon pump, extra corporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices , 2011, Critical care.

[486]  Saurabh Kumar,et al.  Prognostic Value of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-analysis , 2009, Anesthesiology.

[487]  G. Mashour,et al.  Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery , 2011, Anesthesiology.

[488]  T. Rao,et al.  Angina and Other Risk Factors in Patients With Cardiac Diseases Undergoing Noncardiac Operations , 1990, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[489]  N. Fineberg,et al.  Incremental value of myocardial viability for prediction of long-term prognosis in surgically revascularized patients with left ventricular dysfunction. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[490]  K. Swedberg,et al.  Adverse effects of beta-blockade withdrawal in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. , 1980, British heart journal.

[491]  O. Munck,et al.  Cardiopulmonary complications in high‐risk surgical patients: the value of preoperative radionuclide cardiography , 1990, Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.

[492]  Seung‐Jung Park,et al.  Validation of SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) score for prediction of outcomes after unprotected left main coronary revascularization. , 2010, JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions.

[493]  M. Trenell,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness Predicts Mortality and Hospital Length of Stay After Major Elective Surgery in Older People , 2013, Annals of surgery.

[494]  M. Abel,et al.  Noncardiac surgery in Eisenmenger syndrome. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[495]  Mylan C. Cohen,et al.  Perioperative and long-term prognostic value of dipyridamole Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial tomography in patients evaluated for elective vascular surgery , 2003, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[496]  D. N. Buckley,et al.  Epidural morphine reduces the riskof postoperative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors , 1993, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[497]  B. Mainzer,et al.  Small, Oral Dose of Clonidine Reduces the Incidence of Intraoperative Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Having Vascular Surgery , 1996, Anesthesiology.

[498]  M. D. Cheitlin Myocardial Viability Testing and the Effect of Early Intervention in Patients With Advanced Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction , 2007 .

[499]  D. Liepert,et al.  IMPROVED HEMODYNAMIC AND RENAL FUNCTION WITH CLONIDINE IN CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING , 1990 .

[500]  W. Aronow,et al.  Incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and of 2-year mortality in 577 elderly patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery treated with and without statins. , 2010, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[501]  C. Meinert,et al.  Double-masked Randomized Trial Comparing Alternate Combinations of Intraoperative Anesthesia and Postoperative Analgesia in Abdominal Aortic Surgery , 2001, Anesthesiology.

[502]  S. Pocock,et al.  Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[503]  C. McEnroe comparison of ejecton fraction and Goldman risk dactar analysis too dipyridamole-thallium 201 studies in the evaluation of cardiac morbidity after aortic aneurysm surgery , 1990 .

[504]  D. Holmes,et al.  Palliative percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty before noncardiac operations and invasive diagnostic procedures. , 1989, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[505]  A. Singla,et al.  Anaesthetic management of peripartum cardiomyopathy using "epidural volume extension" technique: a case series. , 2012, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia.

[506]  Laura A. Levit,et al.  Finding what works in health care : standards for systematic reviews , 2011 .

[507]  Christopher L. Wu,et al.  Effect of Postoperative Epidural Analgesia on Morbidity and Mortality After Total Hip Replacement Surgery in Medicare Patients , 2003, Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine.

[508]  R. Hader,et al.  Cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a screening test for perioperative management of major surgery in the elderly. , 1999, Chest.

[509]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Usefulness of repeated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide measurements as incremental predictor for long-term cardiovascular outcome after vascular surgery. , 2011, The American journal of cardiology.

[510]  E. Topol,et al.  Propensity Analysis of Long-Term Survival After Surgical or Percutaneous Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and High-Risk Features , 2004, Circulation.

[511]  A. Clowes,et al.  Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Reduced Operative Mortality Associated with Maintenance of Optimal Cardiac Performance , 1980, Annals of surgery.

[512]  Edward L. Hannan,et al.  Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting Versus Stent Implantation , 2005 .

[513]  T. Marwick,et al.  Usefulness of clinical risk markers and ischemic threshold to stratify risk in patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[514]  M. Hersberger,et al.  Adrenergic Receptor Genotype but Not Perioperative Bisoprolol Therapy May Determine Cardiovascular Outcome in At-risk Patients Undergoing Surgery with Spinal Block: The Swiss Beta Blocker in Spinal Anesthesia (BBSA) Study: A Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter Trial with 1-Year Follow-up , 2007, Anesthesiology.

[515]  J. Danesh,et al.  Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial , 2000, The Lancet.

[516]  E. Walker,et al.  Pulmonary hypertension: an important predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. , 2011, Respiratory medicine.

[517]  John V. White,et al.  2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline) , 2011, Vascular medicine.

[518]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Predictors of Cardiac Events After Major Vascular Surgery Role of Clinical Characteristics, Dobutamine Echocardiography, and b-Blocker Therapy , 2001 .

[519]  R. Waksman,et al.  Major noncardiac surgery following coronary stenting: When is it safe to operate? , 2004, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[520]  D. Wijeysundera,et al.  Calcium Channel Blockers for Reducing Cardiac Morbidity After Noncardiac Surgery: A Meta-Analysis , 2003, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[521]  Hani Jneid,et al.  2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Forc , 2012, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[522]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Rationale, design, and organization of the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation (POISE) trial: a randomized controlled trial of metoprolol versus placebo in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. , 2006, American heart journal.

[523]  A. Íñiguez,et al.  Comparison of drug-eluting stents versus surgery for unprotected left main coronary artery disease. , 2007, The American journal of cardiology.

[524]  H. Nathoe,et al.  Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery and its Association With Short-Term Mortality , 2013, Circulation.

[525]  G. E. Green,et al.  Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts--effects on survival over a 15-year period. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[526]  I. Ringqvist,et al.  Effect of coronary bypass surgery on survival patterns in subsets of patients with left main coronary artery disease. Report of the Collaborative Study in Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS). , 1981, The American journal of cardiology.

[527]  M. Nishimori,et al.  Epidural Pain Relief Versus Systemic Opioid-Based Pain Relief for Abdominal Aortic Surgery , 2006, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[528]  S. Ellis,et al.  Comparison of percutaneous versus surgical revascularization of severe unprotected left main coronary stenosis in matched patients. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[529]  B. Caramelli,et al.  Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial , 2006 .

[530]  P. Coriat,et al.  Low negative predictive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography before abdominal aortic surgery. , 2006, British journal of anaesthesia.

[531]  W. Henderson,et al.  Association of perioperative β-blockade with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity following major noncardiac surgery. , 2013, JAMA.

[532]  N Freemantle,et al.  beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. , 1999, BMJ.

[533]  D. N. Buckley,et al.  A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Preoperative Stress Echocardiography and Nuclear Scintigraphy Imaging , 2006, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[534]  C. Schmid,et al.  An assessment of the positive predictive value and cost-effectiveness of dipyridamole myocardial scintigraphy in patients undergoing vascular surgery. , 1994, Journal of vascular surgery.

[535]  P. Vaitkus,et al.  Risks of noncardiac surgery after coronary stenting. , 2005, The American journal of cardiology.

[536]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[537]  C. Berry,et al.  Is There Still a Role for Preoperative 12-Lead Electrocardiography? , 2011, World Journal of Surgery.

[538]  S. Malviya,et al.  Anaesthetic management and outcomes in patients with surgically corrected D-transposition of the great arteries undergoing non-cardiac surgery. , 2010, British journal of anaesthesia.

[539]  Silvia G Priori,et al.  ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Co , 2003, Circulation.

[540]  P. Baum,et al.  The ischemic exercise test in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Implications for management. , 1985, Archives of surgery.

[541]  Dan M. Roden,et al.  ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines , 2006 .

[542]  R. Hendel,et al.  Prediction of late cardiac events by dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery. , 1992, The American journal of cardiology.