Adaptation and validation of an estonian version of the general self-efficacy scale (ESES)

Abstract General self-efficacy pertains to the subjective confidence of being able to master stressful demands by means of adaptive action. A strong sense of personal efficacy is related to better health, higher achievement, and more social integration. General self-efficacy is measured with a ten-item scale by Schwarzer and Jerusalem (1995) which has been proven reliable and valid in various field studies. The aim of the present study was to develop an Estonian version of this instrument. A total of 670 participants (378 women and 292 men) consisting of three subgroups (290 healthy individuals, 228 mentally ill and 152 physically ill patients) filled in a questionnaire containing the ten-item Estonian Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), and further items assessing related psychoemotional variables such as depression, anxiety, stress, affectivity, self-control and irrational beliefs. The psychometric properties of the ESES turned out to be satisfactory, and reliability and validity indices were mostly in line wit...

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