A comprehensive review of fabrication techniques and their impact on mechanical behaviour and osteoregenerative applications of bioactive inorganic substituents

Multifarious materials are used in the biomedical domain to relieve the distress of patients due to underlying diseases or injuries by replacing or augmenting any tissues or organs. Specific metallic substrates used as implants have the probability of failure due to corrosion resulting from direct contact with body fluid. Therefore, we aim to conduct a thorough review of numerous coatings currently available to prevent the implants from corroding. The coatings that are fabricated by various techniques are discussed for their effects on mechanical behaviour. It was deduced that the mechanical behaviour relied on the microstructure of the coating surface. Different surface treatment techniques of coatings offered different microstructures to the coatings. We meticulously review the mechanical and biological behaviour of coatings and this comprehensive literature review serves as evidence that the effective fabrication of an ideal coating has remained elusive for researchers, motivating an ongoing endeavour to attain this goal. IMPACT STATEMENT We meticulously review the mechanical and biological behaviour of coatings and this comprehensive literature review serves as evidence that the effective fabrication of an ideal coating along with discussions on biological characteristics shown by composites. Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase activity, bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, CHAp, Carbonated Hap, CNT, carbon nanotubes, Ecorr, corrosion potential, ECM, extracellular matrix, EIS, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EPD, electrophoretic deposition technique, F-Hap, fluorinated hydroxyapatite, f-MWCNT, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, GO, Graphene Oxide, Hap, hydroxyapatite, HAp/PE, hydroxyapatite/polyethylene, HOS, human osteosarcoma cells, Icorr, corrosion current, MWCNT, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, PEO, plasma electrolyte oxidation, PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PMMA, Poly(methyl methacrylate), PSZ, partially stabilized zirconia, rGO, reduced graphene oxide, SBF, Simulating body fluid, SWCNT, Single-walled carbon nanotubes, TCP, Tri calcium phosphate, TZP, tetragonal zirconia polycrystal, YSZ, Yttria-stabilized Zirconia, ZTA, zirconia toughened alumina GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT