Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis

(Research Centre of BBC, Brown Boveri & Co. Ltd.) protons. With the formation of 4He, each neutron is bound to a proton, bringing the helium abundance to 24% against 76% for hydrogen. The correspondence is impres­ sive. All these phenomena developed in the primordial Universe over a very short time scale, as shown in Table 1. The best expression for dating the suc­ cessive temperatures T(t), seems to be: R(to )/R(t) where to is the present age of the Universe, since from the relation RT = cte, we obtain : T(t)/T(to) = R(to)/R(t) where T(to) = 3 K. The age itself, in seconds or in years, is ob­ tained by the choice of the function R(t), according to a Friedmann model or with the help of the total density of the Universe at this moment — a function of the temperature T(t). Moreover, the well known relation for cosmological redshift z: 1 + z = R(to)/R(t) shows finally that, for large values of R(to)/R(t), the value of T(t) is a good ap­ proximation for the redshift of a cosmic ob­ ject which could be hypothetically observ­ ed in that phase of the Universe. As an ex­ ample, it may be considered that matter condensation has a redshift of 1013, whe­ reas the largest redshifts observed today (in quasars) are three or four only!