Controlling Crime: Strategies and Tradeoffs

Criminal justice expenditures have more than doubled since the 1980s, dramatically increasing costs to the public. With state and local revenue shortfalls resulting from the recent recession, the question of whether crime control can be accomplished either with fewer resources or by investing those resources in areas other than the criminal justice system is all the more relevant. "Controlling Crime" considers alternative ways to reduce crime that do not sacrifice public safety. Among the topics considered here are criminal justice system reform, social policy, and government policies affecting alcohol abuse, drugs, and private crime prevention. Particular attention is paid to the respective roles of both the private sector and government agencies. Through a broad conceptual framework and a careful review of the relevant literature, this volume provides insight into the important trends and patterns of some of the interventions that may be effective in reducing crime.

[1]  Jerome Hall,et al.  Punishment and Social Structure , 1939 .

[2]  Julius Goebel,et al.  Law enforcement in colonial New York : a study in criminal procedure, 1664-1776 , 1945 .

[3]  E. Erikson Childhood and Society , 1965 .

[4]  T. Hirschi Causes of Delinquency. , 1970, British medical journal.

[5]  P. Blos On adolescence, a psychoanalytic interpretation , 1962 .

[6]  E. Erikson Identity, youth, and crisis , 1968 .

[7]  M. Rutter,et al.  Education, Health and Behaviour , 1970 .

[8]  J. Monahan The psychiatrization of criminal behavior: a reply. , 1973, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[9]  F. Bass A new product growth model for consumer durables , 1976 .

[10]  Charles D. Mallar,et al.  Transitional Aid for Released Prisoners: Evidence from the Life Experiment , 1978 .

[11]  U. Bronfenbrenner The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and , 1979 .

[12]  Malcolm M Feeley,et al.  The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court , 1979 .

[13]  K. Dodge,et al.  Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. , 1980, Child development.

[14]  G. Botvin,et al.  Preventing the onset of cigarette smoking through life skills training. , 1980, Preventive medicine.

[15]  J. Wilson,et al.  BROKEN WINDOWS: THE POLICE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD SAFETY , 1982 .

[16]  J. Schumaker,et al.  Group Training for Social Skills , 1982 .

[17]  Steven Shavell,et al.  The Optimal Use of Fines and Imprisonment , 1982 .

[18]  L. Teplin The criminalization of the mentally ill: speculation in search of data. , 1983, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  John Kaplan,et al.  The Hardest Drug: Heroin and Public Policy , 1983 .

[20]  Michael R. Gottfredson,et al.  A general theory of crime. , 1992 .

[21]  L. Teplin Criminalizing mental disorder. The comparative arrest rate of the mentally ill. , 1984, The American psychologist.

[22]  C. Murray,et al.  Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 , 1984 .

[23]  Joyce L. Sichel,et al.  Fines in sentencing : a study of the use of the fine as a criminal sanction , 1984 .

[24]  N. Kozel,et al.  Epidemiology of drug abuse: an overview. , 1986, Science.

[25]  R. Loeber,et al.  Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency , 1986, Crime and Justice.

[26]  S. Danziger,et al.  Poverty and Family Structure: The Widening Gap between Evidence and Public Policy Issues , 1986 .

[27]  J. Schumaker,et al.  Teaching Reciprocal Social Skills to Parents and Their Delinquent Adolescents , 1986 .

[28]  Barry Glick,et al.  Aggression replacement training , 1987 .

[29]  Karen R. Gouze Attention and social problem solving as correlates of aggression in preschool males , 1987, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[30]  Kevin M. Murphy,et al.  A Theory of Rational Addiction , 1988, Journal of Political Economy.

[31]  K. Gustafson,et al.  Home-Based Behavioral-Systems Family Therapy with Disadvantaged Juvenile Delinquents. , 1988 .

[32]  T. Sally The Growing Challenge of Fine Administration to Court Managers , 1988 .

[33]  D. Ellwood Poor Support: Poverty In The American Family , 1989 .

[34]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Crime and Deviance Over the Life Course: The Salience of Adult Social Bonds , 1990 .

[35]  R. Loeber Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. , 1990 .

[36]  Sally T. Hillsman Fines and Day Fines , 1990, Crime and Justice.

[37]  L. Teplin The prevalence of severe mental disorder among male urban jail detainees: comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. , 1990, American journal of public health.

[38]  J. Swanson,et al.  Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. , 1990, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[39]  Merry Morash,et al.  A Critical Look at the Idea of Boot Camp as a Correctional Reform , 1990 .

[40]  K. Dodge,et al.  Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. , 1990, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[41]  D. Olweus Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. , 1991 .

[42]  D. Rice,et al.  Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988. , 1991, Public health reports.

[43]  D. Wexler,et al.  Therapeutic Jurisprudence as a New Approach to Mental Health Law Policy Analysis and Research , 1991 .

[44]  A. Piehl,et al.  Does Prison Pay? The Stormy National Debate over the Cost-Effectiveness of Imprisonment , 1991 .

[45]  James F. Wilson Drugs and Crime , 1990, Crime and Justice.

[46]  M. Thornton Economists on illegal drugs: A survey of the profession , 1991 .

[47]  R. Catalano,et al.  Reducing early childhood aggression: results of a primary prevention program. , 1991, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[48]  Doris Layton MacKenzie,et al.  Shock incarceration and prison crowding in Louisiana , 1991 .

[49]  Mark A. R. Kleiman,et al.  Against Excess: Drug Policy For Results , 1992 .

[50]  Paul T. Costa,et al.  Discriminant Validity of NEO-PIR Facet Scales , 1992 .

[51]  Bruce G. Link,et al.  The violent and illegal behavior of mental patients reconsidered. , 1992 .

[52]  I. Marshall,et al.  An Experimental Comparison of Two Self-Report Methods for Measuring Lambda , 1992 .

[53]  Chinhui Juhn,et al.  Decline of Male Labor Market Participation: The Role of Declining Market Opportunities , 1992 .

[54]  Gary B. Melton,et al.  Family preservation using multisystemic treatment: Long-term follow-up to a clinical trial with serious juvenile offenders , 1993 .

[55]  T. Moffitt Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. , 1993, Psychological review.

[56]  B Fischhoff,et al.  Adolescent (in)vulnerability. , 1993, The American psychologist.

[57]  Steven Belenko,et al.  Crack and the evolution of anti-drug policy , 1993 .

[58]  James J. Heckman,et al.  The Urban Institute Audit Studies: Their Methods and Findings , 1993 .

[59]  D. Olweus,et al.  Bullying at school : what we know and what we can do / Dan Olweus , 1993 .

[60]  G. Cave JOBSTART. Final Report on a Program for School Dropouts. , 1993 .

[61]  S. Luthar,et al.  Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents , 1993, Development and Psychopathology.

[62]  K. Dodge,et al.  A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. , 1994 .

[63]  P. Langan Between prison and probation: intermediate sanctions. , 1994, Science.

[64]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. , 1994 .

[65]  C. Slobogin Therapeutic Jurisprudence: Five Dilemmas to Ponder , 1995 .

[66]  D. Cervone,et al.  Social inference and individual differences in aggression: Evidence for spontaneous judgments of hostility , 1995 .

[67]  C. P. Rydell,et al.  Controlling Cocaine: Supply Versus Demand Programs , 1995 .

[68]  Dan A. Black,et al.  Discrimination in an Equilibrium Search Model , 1995, Journal of Labor Economics.

[69]  C. P. Rydell,et al.  Modeling the Demand for Cocaine , 1995 .

[70]  S. Luthar Social competence in the school setting: prospective cross-domain associations among inner-city teens. , 1995, Child development.

[71]  James J. Heckman,et al.  Assessing the Case for Social Experiments , 1995 .

[72]  D. Olweus,et al.  Bullying or Peer Abuse at School: Facts and Intervention , 1995 .

[73]  D. Daro Preventing child abuse and neglect. , 1996 .

[74]  G. Lakoff Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think , 1996 .

[75]  G. Vito,et al.  An Impact Analysis of the Alabama Boot Camp Program , 1996 .

[76]  J. Modestin,et al.  Mental disorder and criminality: male schizophrenia. , 1996, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[77]  Janet L. Yellen,et al.  An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States , 1996 .

[78]  Mark J. Jones,et al.  DO BOOT CAMP GRADUATES MAKE BETTER PROBATIONERS , 1996 .

[79]  D. Farabee,et al.  Self-reported drug use among recently admitted jail inmates: estimating prevalence and treatment needs. , 1996, Substance use & misuse.

[80]  Scott Menard,et al.  Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior: Temporal and developmental patterns. , 1996 .

[81]  P. Reuter,et al.  Interpreting Dutch cannabis policy: reasoning by analogy in the legalization debate. , 1997, Science.

[82]  G. S. Pettit,et al.  Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. , 1997, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[83]  Harry J. Holzer,et al.  What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers , 1997 .

[84]  L. Sroufe Psychopathology as an outcome of development , 1997, Development and Psychopathology.

[85]  N. Eisenberg,et al.  Agreeableness: A Dimension of Personality , 1997 .

[86]  Steven D. Levitt,et al.  Incentive Compatibility Constraints as an Explanation for the Use of Prison Sentences Instead of Fines , 1997 .

[87]  Nuno Garoupa The Theory of Optimal Law Enforcement , 1997 .

[88]  J. Heckman,et al.  Making the Most out of Programme Evaluations and Social Experiments: Accounting for Heterogeneity in Programme Impacts , 1997 .

[89]  J. Manlove Early Motherhood in an Intergenerational Perspective: The Experiences of a British Cohort , 1997 .

[90]  R. Hubbard,et al.  Overview of 1-year follow-up outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). , 1997 .

[91]  Leora Friedberg Did Unilateral Divorce Raise Divorce Rates? Evidence from Panel Data , 1998 .

[92]  S. Henggeler,et al.  Multisystemic Treatment of Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents , 1998 .

[93]  J. Bonta,et al.  The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: a meta-analysis. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[94]  Steven Shavell,et al.  The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law , 1998 .

[95]  J B Reid,et al.  Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. , 1998, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[96]  F. Chaloupka,et al.  A Survey of Economic Models of Addictive Behavior , 1998 .

[97]  Jeffrey T. Grogger,et al.  Market Wages and Youth Crime , 1997, Journal of Labor Economics.

[98]  Toward a psychology of harm reduction. , 1998 .

[99]  Mark W. Lipsey,et al.  Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders: A synthesis of research. , 1998 .

[100]  Elijah Anderson Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City , 1999 .

[101]  M. Swartz,et al.  Violent Behavior Preceding Hospitalization Among Persons with Severe Mental Illness , 1999, Law and human behavior.

[102]  E. Cauffman,et al.  Personality traits in juvenile delinquents: relation to criminal behavior and recidivism. , 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[103]  J John Mann,et al.  Role of the Serotonergic System in the Pathogenesis of Major Depression and Suicidal Behavior , 1999, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[104]  G. McHugo,et al.  Legal system involvement and costs for persons in treatment for severe mental illness and substance use disorders. , 1999, Psychiatric Services.

[105]  M. A. Cohen,et al.  Alcohol, drugs and crime: is "crime" really one-third of the problem? , 1999, Addiction.

[106]  Mark W. Lipsey,et al.  Can Intervention Rehabilitate Serious Delinquents? , 1999 .

[107]  D. Satcher Mental Health: A Report of the Surgen General , 1999 .

[108]  Daniel L. Cork,et al.  Examining Space–Time Interaction in City-Level Homicide Data: Crack Markets and the Diffusion of Guns Among Youth , 1999 .

[109]  R. Piedmont,et al.  The utility of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in an outpatient, drug rehabilitation context. , 1999 .

[110]  P. Reuter Are calculations of the economic costs of drug abuse either possible or useful? , 1999, Addiction.

[111]  D. Rottman,et al.  Therapeutic jurisprudence and the emergence of problem-solving courts , 1999 .

[112]  D. Nagin,et al.  Trajectories of boys' physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. , 1999, Child development.

[113]  James O. Finckenauer,et al.  Scared Straight: The Panacea Phenomenon Revisited , 1999 .

[114]  A. Harrell Findings from the Evaluation of the D.C. Superior Court Drug Intervention Program , 1999 .

[115]  P. Kopp Economic costs calculations and drug policy evaluation. , 1999, Addiction.

[116]  Christopher Uggen,et al.  Work as a Turning Point in the Life Course of Criminals: A Duration Model of Age, Employment, and Recidivism , 2000, American Sociological Review.

[117]  C. Henderson,et al.  Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. , 2000, JAMA.

[118]  D P Farrington,et al.  Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications , 2000, Development and Psychopathology.

[119]  J Monahan,et al.  Violence and delusions: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. , 2000, The American journal of psychiatry.

[120]  Nuno Garoupa,et al.  Optimal Magnitude and Probability of Fines , 2000 .

[121]  A. Rustichini,et al.  A Fine is a Price , 2000, The Journal of Legal Studies.

[122]  David B. Wilson,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Corrections-Based Education, Vocation, and Work Programs for Adult Offenders , 2000 .

[123]  P. Chamberlain,et al.  Family management and deviant peer association as mediators of the impact of treatment condition on youth antisocial behavior. , 2000, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[124]  Jeffrey A. Bouffard,et al.  Effectiveness of Vocational Education and Employment Programs for Adult Offenders , 2000 .

[125]  M. Abraham PLACES OF DRUG PURCHASE IN THE NETHERLANDS , 2000 .

[126]  H. Wagner,et al.  A randomized controlled trial of outpatient commitment in North Carolina. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[127]  Peter Z. Schochet,et al.  National Job Corps Study: The Impacts of Job Corps on Participants' Employment and Related Outcomes [and] Methodological Appendixes on the Impact Analysis. , 2001 .

[128]  P. Reuter,et al.  Drug War Heresies , 2001 .

[129]  Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis , 2001 .

[130]  Kenneth W Griffin,et al.  Preventing binge drinking during early adolescence: one- and two-year follow-up of a school-based preventive intervention. , 2001, Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors.

[131]  H. Steadman,et al.  Law & psychiatry: mental health courts: their promise and unanswered questions. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[132]  J. Dinardo,et al.  Alcohol, marijuana, and American youth: the unintended consequences of government regulation. , 2001, Journal of health economics.

[133]  A. Caspi,et al.  Personality Development and the Person-Situation Debate: It's Déjà Vu All Over Again , 2001 .

[134]  K. Heilbrun,et al.  The Prediction of Criminal Recidivism in Juveniles , 2001 .

[135]  Simon T. Tidd,et al.  Willingness-to-Pay for Crime Control Programs , 2001 .

[136]  M. Allen,et al.  Opening pandora's box: the practical and legal dangers of involuntary outpatient commitment. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[137]  Y I Hser,et al.  A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts. , 2001, Archives of general psychiatry.

[138]  H. Steadman,et al.  The use of criminal charges and sanctions in mental health courts. , 2002, Psychiatric services.

[139]  Cesar J. Rebellon RECONSIDERING THE BROKEN HOMES/DELINQUENCY RELATIONSHIP AND EXPLORING ITS MEDIATING MECHANISM(S) , 2002 .

[140]  Anne Morrison Piehl From Cell to Street: A Plan to Supervise Inmates after Release , 2002 .

[141]  R. Taylor,et al.  NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (NICE) , 2002, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.

[142]  R. Nixon Treatment of behavior problems in preschoolers: a review of parent training programs. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[143]  Avshalom Caspi,et al.  It's not just who you're with, it's who you are: personality and relationship experiences across multiple relationships. , 2002, Journal of personality.

[144]  B. Halpern-Felsher,et al.  Perceptions of risk and vulnerability. , 2002, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[145]  Charles F. Manski,et al.  Executive summary of the National Research Council's Report 'Informing America's policy on illegal drugs: what we don't know keeps hurting us'. , 2001, Addiction.

[146]  Anita Eves,et al.  Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners , 2002, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[147]  H. Wagner,et al.  The perceived coerciveness of involuntary outpatient commitment: findings from an experimental study. , 2002, The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

[148]  S. Compton,et al.  Review of the evidence base for treatment of childhood psychopathology: externalizing disorders. , 2002, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[149]  J. Heckman,et al.  Human Capital Policy , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[150]  B. Halpern-Felsher,et al.  Judgments about Risk and Perceived Invulnerability in Adolescents and Young Adults , 2003 .

[151]  Stephen J. Sharp,et al.  Early intervention in behaviour , 2003 .

[152]  Peter Reuter,et al.  Research on Drugs-Crime Linkages: The Next Generation , 2003 .

[153]  P. Benson Developmental Assets and Asset-Building Community: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations , 2003 .

[154]  R. Pacula,et al.  Marijuana and Crime: Is There a Connection Beyond Prohibition? , 2003 .

[155]  Donald R. Lynam,et al.  Examining antisocial behavior through the lens of the five factor model of personality , 2003 .

[156]  R. Borum,et al.  Debating Outpatient Commitment: Controversy, Trends, and Empirical Data , 2003 .

[157]  R. Pacula,et al.  Marijuana Decriminalization: What Does it Mean in the United States? , 2003 .

[158]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  LIFE‐COURSE DESISTERS? TRAJECTORIES OF CRIME AMONG DELINQUENT BOYS FOLLOWED TO AGE 70* , 2003 .

[159]  H. Richards,et al.  Seattle's mental health courts: early indicators of effectiveness. , 2003, International journal of law and psychiatry.

[160]  D. Pager The Mark of a Criminal Record1 , 2003, American Journal of Sociology.

[161]  Kenneth W Griffin,et al.  Life Skills Training: Empirical Findings and Future Directions , 2004, Journal of Primary Prevention.

[162]  D. Gottfredson,et al.  Do After School Programs Reduce Delinquency? , 2004, Prevention Science.

[163]  Christy K. Scott,et al.  Out of touch or on the money: Do the clinical objectives of addiction treatment coincide with economic evaluation results? , 2004, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[164]  A. Horne,et al.  A teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students' aggressive behavior: the GREAT Teacher Program. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[165]  P. Tolan,et al.  Community-Based multiple family groups to prevent and reduce violent and aggressive behavior: the GREAT Families Program. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[166]  R. Catalano,et al.  Positive Youth Development in the United States: Research Findings on Evaluations of Positive Youth Development Programs , 2004 .

[167]  Child Mental Health and Human Capital Accumulation: The Case of Adhd , 2004 .

[168]  G. Melnick,et al.  Amity Prison-Based Therapeutic Community: 5-Year Outcomes , 2004 .

[169]  E. Norton,et al.  Cost shifting to jails after a change to managed mental health care. , 2004, Health services research.

[170]  David R. Williams,et al.  The National Survey of American Life: a study of racial, ethnic and cultural influences on mental disorders and mental health , 2004, International journal of methods in psychiatric research.

[171]  John Clark Non-Specialty First Appearance Court Models for Diverting Persons with Mental Illness: Alternatives to Mental Health Courts , 2004 .

[172]  S. Mednick,et al.  Malnutrition at age 3 years and externalizing behavior problems at ages 8, 11, and 17 years. , 2004, The American journal of psychiatry.

[173]  K. Allison,et al.  Choosing to be violence free in middle school: the student component of the GREAT Schools and Families Universal Program. , 2003, American journal of preventive medicine.

[174]  N. Messina,et al.  The California Treatment Expansion Initiative: Aftercare Participation, Recidivism, and Predictors of Outcomes , 2004 .

[175]  R. Hogan,et al.  A Socioanalytic Model of Maturity , 2004 .

[176]  James Surowiecki The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies, and nations Doubleday Books. , 2004 .

[177]  W. J. Walsh,et al.  Reduced violent behavior following biochemical therapy , 2004, Physiology & Behavior.

[178]  Bruce G. Link,et al.  Violence and Psychiatric Disorders: Results from an Epidemiological Study of Young Adults in Israel , 2004, Psychiatric quarterly.

[179]  Joann L. Robinson,et al.  Effects of Home Visits by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: Age 4 Follow-Up Results of a Randomized Trial , 2004, Pediatrics.

[180]  Xiao-Li Meng,et al.  Considering context, place and culture: the National Latino and Asian American Study , 2004, International journal of methods in psychiatric research.

[181]  T. Joyce Did Legalized Abortion Lower Crime? , 2001, The Journal of Human Resources.

[182]  Richard M. Lerner,et al.  Liberty: Thriving and Civic Engagement Among America′s Youth , 2004 .

[183]  Cheryl Buehler,et al.  Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: the role of youth attributes. , 2004, Child development.

[184]  J. Monahan,et al.  THE SECOND GENERATION OF MENTAL HEALTH COURTS , 2005 .

[185]  Joan McCord,et al.  Peer Influence in Children and Adolescents: Crossing the Bridge from Developmental to Intervention Science , 2005, Journal of abnormal child psychology.

[186]  Elke Mühlleitner Erikson, Erik H. , 2005 .

[187]  D. Boyum,et al.  An analytic assessment of U.S. drug policy , 2005 .

[188]  J. Peugh,et al.  Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates. , 2005, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[189]  D. Fergusson,et al.  Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. , 2005, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[190]  J. Finckenauer Ruminating About Boot Camps , 2005 .

[191]  J. Kaldor,et al.  Four-year follow-up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re-incarceration and hepatitis C infection. , 2005, Addiction.

[192]  Christopher L. Foote,et al.  Testing Economic Hypotheses with State-Level Data: A Comment on Donohue and Levitt , 2005 .

[193]  Laura Amato,et al.  An overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of opiate maintenance therapies: available evidence to inform clinical practice and research. , 2005, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[194]  J. Caulkins,et al.  Marijuana Markets: Inferences from Reports by the Household Population , 2006 .

[195]  R. Lerner,et al.  Positive Youth Development, Participation in Community Youth Development Programs, and Community Contributions of Fifth-Grade Adolescents , 2005 .

[196]  M. Swartz,et al.  Use of leverage to improve adherence to psychiatric treatment in the community. , 2005, Psychiatric services.

[197]  J. Monahan,et al.  From referral to disposition: case processing in seven mental health courts. , 2005, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[198]  Olga V. Demler,et al.  Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. , 2005, Archives of general psychiatry.

[199]  Dana M. Rhule Take Care to Do No Harm: Harmful Interventions for Youth Problem Behavior , 2005 .

[200]  A. M. Crawford,et al.  The prediction of violence and homicide in young men. , 2005, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[201]  A. Kazdin Parent Management Training: Treatment for Oppositional, Aggressive, and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents , 2005 .

[202]  Stefan F. LoBuglio,et al.  Prisoner Reentry and Crime in America: DOES SUPERVISION MATTER? , 2005 .

[203]  V. J. Hotz,et al.  Teenage Childbearing and Its Life Cycle Consequences : Exploiting a Natural Experiment * by , 2004 .

[204]  M. Cosden,et al.  Efficacy of a Mental Health Treatment Court with assertive community treatment. , 2003, Behavioral sciences & the law.

[205]  N. Poythress,et al.  Clinical outcomes of defendants in mental health court. , 2005, Psychiatric services.

[206]  R. King,et al.  The war on marijuana: The transformation of the war on drugs in the 1990s , 2006, Harm reduction journal.

[207]  Steven Raphael,et al.  Perceived Criminality, Criminal Background Checks, and the Racial Hiring Practices of Employers* , 2006, The Journal of Law and Economics.

[208]  B. Roberts,et al.  Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[209]  Kevin M. Murphy,et al.  The Market for Illegal Goods: The Case of Drugs , 2006, Journal of Political Economy.

[210]  M. Swartz,et al.  Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. , 2006, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[211]  P. Gendreau,et al.  Reducing Prison Misconducts , 2006 .

[212]  Jens Ludwig,et al.  Reefer Madness: Broken Windows Policing and Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests in New York City, 1989-2000 , 2007 .

[213]  John H. Tyler,et al.  Prison-Based Education and Re-Entry into the Mainstream Labor Market , 2006 .

[214]  R. Friedman Violence and mental illness--how strong is the link? , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[215]  D. Brandt Delinquency, Development, and Social Policy , 2006 .

[216]  V. Benet‐Martínez,et al.  Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. , 2006, Annual review of psychology.

[217]  R. Frank,et al.  Better But Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States since 1950 , 2006 .

[218]  R. Bagby,et al.  Assessing and interpreting personality change and continuity in patients treated for major depression. , 2006, Psychological assessment.

[219]  J. Heckman Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children , 2006, Science.

[220]  M. Greenberg,et al.  Promoting Resilience in Children and Youth , 2006, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[221]  T. Mcguire,et al.  Patient inducement, provider priorities, and resource allocation in public mental health systems. , 2006, Journal of health politics, policy and law.

[222]  S. Ettner,et al.  Benefit-cost in the California treatment outcome project: does substance abuse treatment "pay for itself"? , 2006 .

[223]  J. Currie,et al.  Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital , 2007 .

[224]  D. Mcniel,et al.  Effectiveness of a mental health court in reducing criminal recidivism and violence. , 2007, The American journal of psychiatry.

[225]  J. Scott Armstrong,et al.  Methods to Elicit Forecasts from Groups: Delphi and Prediction Markets Compared , 2007 .

[226]  E. Foster,et al.  The economic analysis of prevention: an illustration involving children's behavior problems. , 2007, The journal of mental health policy and economics.

[227]  S. Lilienfeld Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm , 2007, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[228]  D. Benton The impact of diet on anti-social, violent and criminal behaviour , 2007, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[229]  Cynthia L. Blitz,et al.  Rates of sexual victimization in prison for inmates with and without mental disorders. , 2007, Psychiatric services.

[230]  Yih-Ing Hser,et al.  Predicting Long-Term Stable Recovery from Heroin Addiction , 2007, Journal of addictive diseases.

[231]  P. Cook Paying the tab: the economics of alcohol policy. , 2007 .

[232]  Cindy Redcross,et al.  Transitional Jobs for Ex-Prisoners Early Impacts from a Random Assignment Evaluation of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Prisoner Reentry Program , 2007 .

[233]  Donald R. Lynam,et al.  Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Youth , 2007 .

[234]  J. Caulkins The need for dynamic drug policy. , 2007, Addiction.

[235]  Dimitriy V. Masterov,et al.  The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children , 2007 .

[236]  Robert J. Sampson,et al.  Shared beginnings, divergent lives : delinquent boys to age 70 , 2007 .

[237]  S. Bushway,et al.  ABOLISH LIFETIME BANS FOR EX-FELONS , 2007 .

[238]  C. Grella,et al.  Organizational characteristics of drug abuse treatment programs for offenders. , 2007, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[239]  M. Lipsey,et al.  School-based interventions for aggressive and disruptive behavior: update of a meta-analysis. , 2007, American journal of preventive medicine.

[240]  Jacqueline V. Lerner,et al.  Using positive youth development to predict contribution and risk behaviors in early adolescence: Findings from the first two waves of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development , 2007 .

[241]  P. Reuter,et al.  An Analysis of UK Drug Policy A Monograph Prepared for the UK Drug Policy Commission , 2007 .

[242]  Julie C. Suk Procedural Path Dependence: Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide , 2007 .

[243]  A. Caspi,et al.  The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes , 2007, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[244]  H. Steadman,et al.  Factors in disproportionate representation among persons recommended by programs and accepted by courts for jail diversion. , 2007, Psychiatric services.

[245]  B. Kaplan,et al.  Vitamins, minerals, and mood. , 2007, Psychological bulletin.

[246]  L. Hourani,et al.  Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings , 2007 .

[247]  A. Raine,et al.  Do cognitive, physiological, and psychosocial risk and promotive factors predict desistance from delinquency in males? , 2007, Development and Psychopathology.

[248]  David Huang,et al.  Trajectories of Heroin Addiction , 2007, Evaluation review.

[249]  J. Monahan Mandated community treatment: applying leverage to achieve adherence. , 2008, The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.

[250]  K. Dodge,et al.  Framing public policy and prevention of chronic violence in American youths. , 2008, The American psychologist.

[251]  Mark A. R. Kleiman,et al.  Fixing the parole system , 2008 .

[252]  K. O’grady,et al.  A randomized clinical trial of methadone maintenance for prisoners: findings at 6 months post-release. , 2008, Addiction.

[253]  Roger M. Cooke,et al.  Fifteen years of expert judgement at TUDelft , 2008 .

[254]  Sheila M. Eyberg,et al.  Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior , 2008, Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53.

[255]  Jeffrey A. Smith,et al.  Heterogeneous Impacts in PROGRESA , 2008, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[256]  J. Caulkins Implications of Inertia for Assessing Drug Control Policy: Why Upstream Interventions May Not Receive Due Credit , 2008 .

[257]  David H. Autor,et al.  Does Job Testing Harm Minority Workers? Evidence from Retail Establishments , 2008 .

[258]  John A. List,et al.  Homo economicus Evolves , 2008, Science.

[259]  John K. Roman,et al.  Document Title: To Treat or Not To Treat: Evidence on the Prospects of Expanding Treatment to Drug- Involved Offenders , 2008 .

[260]  A. Piehl,et al.  Prison State: The Challenge of Mass Incarceration , 2008 .

[261]  D. Nagin THOUGHTS ON THE BROADER IMPLICATIONS OF THE “MIRACLE OF THE CELLS” , 2008 .

[262]  S. Lapham,et al.  The effect of a jail methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) program on inmate recidivism. , 2008, Addiction.

[263]  E. Murphy Manufacturing Crime: Process, Pretext, and Criminal Justice , 2008 .

[264]  Angela L. Duckworth,et al.  The Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits , 2008, The Journal of Human Resources.

[265]  P. Reuter,et al.  Do Citizens Know Whether Their State Has Decriminalized Marijuana? Assessing the Perceptual Component of Deterrence Theory , 2009 .

[266]  Y. Hser,et al.  Evaluation of Proposition 36: The Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000 2008 Report , 2008 .

[267]  J. Heckman Schools, Skills, and Synapses , 2008, Economic inquiry.

[268]  D. Weisburd,et al.  The Miracle of the Cells: An Experimental Study of Interventions to Increase Payment of Court-Ordered Financial Obligations , 2008 .

[269]  D. Staiger,et al.  Abortion and Selection , 2006, The Review of Economics and Statistics.

[270]  I. Binswanger,et al.  Psychiatric disorders and repeat incarcerations: the revolving prison door. , 2009, The American journal of psychiatry.

[271]  Alfred Blumstein,et al.  REDEMPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF WIDESPREAD CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS , 2009 .

[272]  D. McCormick,et al.  The health and health care of US prisoners: results of a nationwide survey. , 2009, American journal of public health.

[273]  G. Heyman Addiction: A Disorder of Choice , 2009 .

[274]  Y. Bao,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of Retention in Methadone Maintenance by Dose and Dosing Strategy , 2009, The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse.

[275]  Mark A. R. Kleiman,et al.  When Brute Force Fails: How to Have Less Crime and Less Punishment , 2009 .

[276]  G. Greenwald Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies , 2009 .

[277]  Richard A. Van Dorn,et al.  Racial disparities in involuntary outpatient commitment: are they real? , 2009, Health affairs.

[278]  F. Frese Criminalization of Mental Illness: Crisis and Opportunity for the Justice System , 2009 .

[279]  M. Kleiman,et al.  “Managing Drug-Involved Probationers With Swift and Certain Sanctions: Evaluating Hawaii’s HOPE. Evaluation Report” NCJ 229023 , 2009 .

[280]  Jason M. Fletcher,et al.  Long-Term Consequences of Childhood ADHD on Criminal Activities , 2009, The journal of mental health policy and economics.

[281]  Steven D. Levitt,et al.  The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Teen Childbearing , 2009 .

[282]  T. Boat,et al.  Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities , 2009 .

[283]  R. DeRubeis,et al.  Personality change during depression treatment: a placebo-controlled trial. , 2009, Archives of general psychiatry.

[284]  D. Bloom,et al.  Transitional Jobs for Ex-Prisoners: Implementation, Two-Year Impacts, and Costs of the Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO) Prisoner Reentry Program , 2009 .

[285]  E. Drake,et al.  Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Crime and Criminal Justice Costs: Implications in Washington State , 2009 .

[286]  K. O’grady,et al.  A randomized clinical trial of methadone maintenance for prisoners: results at 12 months postrelease. , 2009, Journal of substance abuse treatment.

[287]  T. Joyce A Simple Test of Abortion and Crime , 2009, The Review of Economics and Statistics.

[288]  Ronald M Epstein,et al.  Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. , 2009, JAMA.

[289]  M. Earleywine,et al.  The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition , 2010 .

[290]  D. Marcotte,et al.  A Cure for Crime? Psycho-Pharmaceuticals and Crime Trends , 2009, Journal of policy analysis and management : [the journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management].

[291]  J. Caulkins,et al.  Altered State?: Assessing How Marijuana Legalization in California Could Influence Marijuana Consumption and Public Budgets , 2010 .

[292]  Richard A. Van Dorn,et al.  Robbing Peter to pay Paul: did New York State's outpatient commitment program crowd out voluntary service recipients? , 2010, Psychiatric services.

[293]  P. Reuter,et al.  Cannabis Policy: Moving Beyond Stalemate , 2010 .

[294]  Eric L. Sevigny,et al.  If Drug Treatment Works So Well, Why Are So Many Drug Users in Prison? , 2011 .

[295]  J. Monahan,et al.  Extending Violence Reduction Principles to Justice-Involved Persons With Mental Illness , 2011 .

[296]  J. Heckman,et al.  A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[297]  Laura Chioda,et al.  Spillovers from Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Bolsa Família and Crime in Urban Brazil , 2016, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[298]  The Impact of Unilateral Divorce on Crime , 2012, Journal of Labor Economics.

[299]  S. Limber The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: An Overview of its Implementation and Research Basis , 2012 .

[300]  S. Raphael,et al.  The University of Chicago The Booth School of Business of the University of Chicago The University of Chicago Law School How Much Crime Reduction Does the Marginal Prisoner Buy ? , 2012 .

[301]  M. Stoll,et al.  Why Are So Many Americans in Prison , 2013 .

[302]  Richard A. Berk,et al.  Money, Work, and Crime: Experimental Evidence , 2013 .

[303]  P. Cook,et al.  The Virtuous Tax: Lifesaving and Crime-Prevention Effects of the 1991 Federal Alcohol-Tax Increase , 2011, Journal of health economics.