IPR and "open creativity": The cases of videogames and of the music industry

In traditional industries, the economic theoretical approach focuses on the determination of property rights as a means of protecting innovative efforts in a given firm. The fact that many individuals within the firm have participated in the innovative process does not really matter since they are supposed to be employees of the firm: the firm is analysed as a representative agent that will claim the property right in its entirety. Rewarding the individuals within the firm who contributed the most to the innovative process is a distinct and different issue, which is generally treated through incentive mechanisms such as stock options or other financial rewards. A second characteristic of the traditional approach is that the analysis focuses on the sole universe of applied research (within a given firm). What “happened before”, that is the emergence of new ideas, is the concern of a related but distinct universe: the world of open science. The latter is governed by different reward mechanisms such as publication, peer recognition, etc. Of course, the interactions between the two universes, the domain of open science and the one of applied research, are complex and have justified an intense in-depth analysis by economists (Foray; 2004; David, 2006; etc.). However, whatever the analysis, one must emphasise that the related universes are clearly regulated with with well identified and specific institutions.

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