Introduction to Biofuels

Ethanol as the Leading "First-Generation" Biofuel Introduction Historical Development of Ethanol as a Fuel from Neolithic Times to the Twentieth Century Oil Supply and Oil Price in the Twentieth Century: Necessity and Alternative Fuel Programs Case Study 1: Brazil and Sugarcane Ethanol Case Study 2: Starch-Based Ethanol in the United States Thermodynamic and Environmental Aspects of Ethanol as a Biofuel Summary References Cellulosic Ethanol as a "Second-Generation" Biofuel Introduction Bioethanol and Cellulosic Ethanol: The Rise of Biomass-Based Biofuels Structural and Industrial Chemistry of Cellulosic Biomass Cellulases: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology Hemicellulases: New Horizons in Energy Biotechnology Lignin-Degrading Enzymes as Aids to Saccharification Commercial Choices of Cellulosic Feedstocks for Ethanol Production Biotechnology and Platform Technologies for Cellulosic Ethanol Summary References Microbiology of Cellulosic Ethanol Production I: Yeasts Introduction Traditional Ethanologenic Yeasts Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Cellulosic Ethanol Toward the Perfect Yeast Ethanologen? Summary References Microbiology of Cellulosic Ethanol Production II: Bacteria Introduction Assembling Gene Arrays in Bacteria for Ethanol Production Thermophilic Species and Cellulosome Bioproduction Technologies "Designer" Cells and Synthetic Organisms Summary References Biochemical Engineering of Cellulosic Ethanol Introduction Case Study: The Iogen Corporation Process with Wheat Straw Biomass Substrate Pretreatment Strategies Fermentation Media and the Very High Gravity Concept Fermentor Design and Novel Fermentor Technologies Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation and Consolidated Bioprocessing Downstream Processing and By-products Summary References The Economics of Fuel Ethanol Introduction Market Forces and Incentives Cost Models for Fuel Ethanol Production Pilot Plant and Industrial Extrapolations for Cellulosic Ethanol Governmental and Macroeconomic Factors Summary References Advanced Biofuels: The Widening Portfolio of Alternatives to Ethanol Introduction Biobutanol and ABE Bacterial Production of C3-C7 Alcohols and Related Compounds Glycerol The MixAlco Process Biohydrogen Microbial Fuel Cells: Eliminating the Middlemen of Energy Carriers Summary References Chemically Produced Biofuels Introduction Biodiesel: Chemistry and Production Processes Fischer-ropsch Diesel: Chemical Biomass-iquid Fuel Transformations Biodiesel from Microalgae and Microbes Chemical Conversions of Glycerol Produced by Fermentation Chemical Routes for the Production of Monooxygenated C6 Liquid Fuels from Biomass Carbohydrates Biomethanol and Biodimethylether Chemistry and the Emergence of the Hydrogen Economy Summary References Sustainability of Biofuels Production Introduction Delivering Biomass Feedstocks for Cellulosic Ethanol Production: The Logistics of a New Industry Sustainable Development and Biomass Production Bioenergy Crops and Genetically Manipulated Plants Summary References Biofuels as Products of Integrated Bioprocesses (Biorefineries) Introduction The Biorefinery Concept Biorefinery Entry Routes Biorefinery Pivotal Products Central Substrates and Biorefinery Flexibility When Will the Biobased Economy Be Possible and When Will It Be Unavoidable? Summary References