'If you had been with us': mainstream press and citizen journalists jockey for authority over the collective memory of Hurricane Katrina

Using the anniversary coverage of Hurricane Katrina, this textual analysis explores how reporters and citizen journalists considered themselves and each other in their different versions of a specific news narrative. This research indicates that online citizen writers undermined the mainstream news story by offering an often contrary version of Hurricane Katrina. Their collective memory focused on personal experience, asserting their right to tell this societal story. By inserting themselves into the news production process of collective memory formation, these citizens renegotiated their relationships with journalists and with journalism. In some cases, this resulted in complete role reversals. The findings suggest that new patterns for information flow are being created, renovating the existing institutional power structure involving the press and society. The conclusion of this article suggests that theorists evaluate citizen journalism alongside mainstream journalists' work, for they are now part of the same news production process.

[1]  T. Cook Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution , 1998 .

[2]  J. McPherson Troubled Pasts: News and the Collective Memory of Social Unrest , 2007 .

[3]  E. Goffman Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience , 1974 .

[4]  K K Giuliano When technology fails. , 1992, Nursing.

[5]  Frank D. Durham Media ritual in catastrophic time , 2008 .

[6]  J. Meyrowitz,et al.  No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. , 1987 .

[7]  B. Zelizer Journalists as interpretive communities , 1993 .

[8]  Journalism in a Culture of Grief , 2007 .

[9]  Neil Thurman,et al.  Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user generated content initiatives by online news media , 2008, New Media Soc..

[10]  Dan Gillmor,et al.  We the media: technology empowers a new grassroots journalism , 2004, HYPERTEXT '04.

[11]  Robert M. Entman,et al.  Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm , 1993 .

[12]  Stephen D. Reese,et al.  Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content , 1995 .

[13]  Sammye Johnson Pages from the Past: History and Memory in American Magazines , 2006 .

[14]  Gerald M. Kosicki,et al.  Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse , 1993 .

[15]  R. McChesney Communication Revolution: Critical Junctures and the Future of Media , 2007 .

[16]  Stuart Allan,et al.  Online News , 2006 .

[17]  W. Lance Bennett,et al.  Response to Ellen Mickiewicz's review of When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina , 2007, Perspectives on Politics.

[18]  Jeffrey K. Olick,et al.  Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, The AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering. , 1997 .

[19]  Michael Henry Heim,et al.  Electric Language: A Philosophical Study of Word Processing , 1987 .

[20]  Axel Bruns,et al.  Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production , 2005 .

[21]  Dan Gillmor,et al.  We the media - grassroots journalism by the people, for the people , 2006 .

[22]  V. Jayaram The Quest continues … , 2006 .

[23]  Carolyn L. Kitch "Mourning in America": ritual, redemption, and recovery in news narrative after September 11 , 2003 .

[24]  M. Tremayne,et al.  Preface: Blog terminology , 2006 .

[25]  William Haltom,et al.  Repairing the News: A Case Study of the News Paradigm. , 1985 .

[26]  W. Bennett,et al.  Toward a New Political Narrative , 1985 .

[27]  Carolyn L. Kitch Twentieth-Century Tales: Newsmagazines and American Memory , 1999 .

[28]  James D. Ivory New Media Cultures , 2005 .

[29]  W. Gamson,et al.  The Political Culture of Social Welfare Policy , 1980 .

[30]  B. Zelizer Definitions of Journalism , 2005 .

[31]  P. Delache,et al.  Making news , 1983, Nature.

[32]  B. Schwartz Frame images: Towards a semiotics of collective memory , 1998 .

[33]  Piet Schenelaars Public opinion , 1994, Bio/Technology.

[34]  Jennifer Pybus Citizens or Consumers? What the Media Tell Us about Political Participation , 2008 .

[35]  Jill A. Edy Journalistic Uses of Collective Memory , 1999 .

[36]  B. Zelizer Achieving journalistic authority through narrative , 1990 .

[37]  Colin Loader,et al.  Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera's Eye , 1999 .

[38]  Thomas B. Connery Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism , 2002 .

[39]  Robert S. Littlefield,et al.  Crisis Leadership and Hurricane Katrina: The Portrayal of Authority by the Media in Natural Disasters , 2007 .

[40]  A. Steller Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time, Herbert Gans. Vintage Books, New York (1980), 393 pp., $5.95 , 1980 .

[41]  John V. Pavlik,et al.  Journalism and new media , 2001 .

[42]  Katherine G. Fry Television News , 2006 .