The Cognitive Paradigm: Cognitive Science, a Newly Explored Approach to the Study of Cognition Applied in an Analysis of Science and Scientific Knowledge

One: Introduction to the Cognitive View.- 1. The Development of the Cognitive View.- Perception, Pattern Recognition and Picture-processing.- Communication and Language Processing.- The Generic Scheme.- 2. World Views and Models.- The Multiplicity of World Views.- The Simplest Model of a World View.- 'Self' and 'I' as Parts of a World View.- World Views as Social Entities.- Combination and Interaction of World Views.- Information Processing and Views on Science.- A Prefatory Task.- 3. Positivism as a Monadic View.- Positivism and Scientism.- Empiristic Units of Knowledge.- Helmholtz's Cognitive Model.- Scientistic Metaphysics.- From Dualism to Neutral Monism.- The Status of Concepts.- Scientific Concepts: Clusters of Monads.- 4. Logical Positivism: A Structural View.- The Structure of Natural Language.- The Logical Reconstruction of Language.- The Emphasis on Structure.- The Logical Positivist Model of Scientific Theory.- Logical Positivist Philosophy of Science.- 5. Contexts of Science: Sciences of Science.- Merton's Norms of Science.- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors.- The Personality of the Scientist.- The Multiplicity of Arguments in the History of Science.- The Multiplicity of Scopes in History of Science.- The Science of Science.- 6. The Cognitive View on Science: Paradigms.- An Integrated Approach to the Copernican Revolution.- The Standard Account of the Kuhnian Model.- Paradigms as Cognitive Units.- Conceptual Schemes and the Functions of Paradigms.- Disciplinary Matrix and Exemplar.- The Social Nature of Paradigms.- Paradigm-studies.- Two: The Social Structure of Science.- 7. Bibliometrics and the Structure of Science.- Bibliometrics and Research on Science.- The Growth of Science.- The Detection of Growth Points and Secondary Literature.- The Metabolism of Growth and Primary Literature.- Citation Networks.- Co-citation Clustering.- Bibliometrics and Scientometrics.- 8. Informal Groups and the Origin of Networks.- Invisible Colleges and Specialties.- Characteristics of Invisible Colleges.- Invisible Colleges and Small Groups.- Communication Patterns and Information Flow.- Interdisciplinarity and the Origin of Specialties.- Migrations into Psychology: Two Examples.- Innovation and Discipleship.- 9. The Life Cycle of Scientific Specialties.- The Stages of the Specialty Life Cycle.- Regulative Mechanisms and Growth.- Finalization: Cognitive and Social in Sequence?.- Escalatory Expansion of Diffusion Studies.- Forms of Specialties and Patterns of Life Cycles.- Social Studies of Science.- Three: Cognitive Structure and Dynamics of Science.- 10. Paradigms and the Psychology of Attention and Perception.- Gestalt Perception and Gestalt Switch as Exemplars.- Perception and Selective Attention.- A Stratified Model of Perception.- Interactive and Integrative Processes in Perception.- Analysis of a Gestalt Switch in Science: Harvey's Discovery.- 11. Puzzle-solving and Reorganization of World Views.- Frames.- Defaults and Exemplars.- Problem-solving and Debugging.- Puzzle-solving and Heterarchical Control.- Procedural Aspects of Scientific Knowledge.- Self-world Segmentation and Compatibility of World Views.- Paradigms and Perspectives.- 12. Conservation and the Dynamics of Conceptual Systems.- Scientific Knowledge and Children's Concepts.- Action and Adaptation.- Table Tennis Ball Expertise.- Piaget's Stages and the Finalization-model.- Conservation and Closure of Conceptual Systems.- Harvey: Conservation of the Blood?.- Perspectives on an Object.- Paradigms and Development.- Individual Discovery and Social Success.- Epilogue.- Notes.