Understanding Demonstration-based Training: A Definition, Conceptual Framework, and Some Initial Guidelines

Abstract : This research was conducted as part of a Phase I Army Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) contract monitored by the United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI). The overall goal of the SBIR topic is to develop a comprehensive system for designing, producing, distributing, and using training demonstrations. This report provides an initial formalism for demonstration-based learning, to be incorporated into the design and development of that system. The report provides a conceptual definition of demonstrations, a framework of demonstration features, and a set of initial guidelines for designing effective demonstrations organized around the presented framework. This serves the dual purposes of organizing what is known about designing effective demonstrations and directing future research.

[1]  E. Salas,et al.  The science of training: a decade of progress. , 2001, Annual review of psychology.

[2]  A. Bandura.  Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory , 1985 .

[3]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  The mirror-neuron system. , 2004, Annual review of neuroscience.

[4]  Arthur A. Lumsdaine,et al.  Student response in programmed instruction : a symposium on experimental studies of cue and response factors in group and individual learning from instructional media , 1961 .

[5]  Carolyn Copper,et al.  Does mental practice enhance performance , 1994 .

[6]  P. Decker.  Effects of symbolic coding and rehearsal in behavior-modeling training. , 1980, The Journal of applied psychology.

[7]  Dianne C. Berry,et al.  The Role of Action in Implicit Learning , 1991 .

[8]  R. Cox,et al.  Vicarious learning from dialogue and discourse , 1999 .

[9]  Wayne L. Shebilske,et al.  Effects of Group Discussion on Acquisition of Complex Skills , 1996, Hum. Factors.

[10]  Carl Gutwin,et al.  Learning from Games: HCI Design Innovations in Entertainment Software , 2003, Graphics Interface.

[11]  Stanley Austin,et al.  An Empirical Study of the Sybervision Golf Videotape , 1992 .

[12]  Fred D. Davis,et al.  Developing and Validating an Observational Learning Model of Computer Software Training and Skill Acquisition , 2003, Inf. Syst. Res..

[13]  C. Heyes.  Causes and consequences of imitation , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[14]  G. Yukl,et al.  Training and development in work organizations. , 1992 .

[15]  P. McCullagh,et al.  Model Status as a Determinant of Observational Learning and Performance , 1986 .

[16]  Rebecca B. Mann,et al.  The Effect of Key Behavior Distinctiveness on Generalization and Recall in Behavior Modeling Training , 1984 .

[17]  J. Pellegrino,et al.  Acquisition and Transfer of Skilled Performance: Are Visual Discrimination Skills Stimulus Specific? , 1996 .

[18]  John E. Hunter,et al.  QUESTIONING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING IN AN INDUSTRIAL SETTING , 1984 .

[19]  B. Tversky,et al.  Hierarchical encoding of behavior: translating perception into action. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[20]  F. Craik,et al.  Levels of Pro-cessing: A Framework for Memory Research , 1975 .

[21]  Milton D. Hakel,et al.  Effects of trainee-generated versus trainer-provided rule codes on generalization in behavior-modeling training. , 1986 .

[22]  Theodore M. Shlechter,et al.  An Examination of the Value of Demonstration Tapes for the Virtual Training Program. , 1996 .

[23]  Daniel B. Willingham,et al.  On the development of procedural knowledge. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[24]  Alexander Renkl,et al.  The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning: The Worked-Out Examples Principle in Multimedia Learning , 2005 .

[25]  A. Baddeley.  Human Memory: Theory and Practice, Revised Edition , 1990 .

[26]  Joseph L. Moses,et al.  Supervisory Relationships Training: A Behavioral Evaluation of a Behavior Modeling Program. , 1976 .

[27]  Susan Palmiter,et al.  Animated Demonstrations for Learning Procedural Computer-Based Tasks , 1993, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[28]  David W. Johnson,et al.  Effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on computer-assisted instruction. , 1985 .

[29]  Paul J. Taylor,et al.  A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training. , 2005, The Journal of applied psychology.

[30]  Florian Jentsch,et al.  What Determines Whether Observers Recognize Targeted Behaviors in Modeling Displays? , 2001, Hum. Factors.

[31]  Barbara Tversky,et al.  Perspective taking promotes action understanding and learning. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[32]  Fred D. Davis,et al.  Improving computer skill training: behavior modeling, symbolic mental rehearsal, and the role of knowledge structures. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[33]  Corey J. Bohil,et al.  Evidence for a procedural-learning-based system in perceptual category learning , 2004, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[34]  H.-W. Chou,et al.  Effects of training method and computer anxiety on learning performance and self-efficacy , 2001, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[35]  Robert T. Hays,et al.  Simulation Fidelity in Training System Design: Bridging the Gap Between Reality and Training , 1988 .

[36]  P. Decker,et al.  Behavior Modeling Training: Principles and Applications , 1985 .

[37]  J. Hedberg.  The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning , 2007 .

[38]  M. BENAROCH.  Declarative representation of strategic control knowledge , 2001, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[39]  P. Decker.  EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SYMBOLIC CODING STIMULI IN BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING , 1984 .

[40]  P. Decker,et al.  THE ENHANCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING OF SUPERVISORY SKILLS BY THE INCLUSION OF RETENTION PROCESSES , 1982 .

[41]  Patricia Baggett,et al.  Learning a procedure from multimedia instructions: The effects of film and practice , 1987 .

[42]  Hermann Astleitner,et al.  An Integrated Model of Multimedia Learning and Motivation , 2004 .

[43]  D. Scully,et al.  Observational learning in motor skill acquisition: A look at demonstrations , 1998 .

[44]  Jon M. Werner,et al.  Computer training through behavior modeling, self-paced, and instructional approaches : A field experiment , 1996 .

[45]  Kevin M. Gildea,et al.  A Benchmarked Experiential System for Training (BEST) and Dynamic Systems Theory , 2006 .

[46]  Clint A. Bowers,et al.  Myths About Crew Resource Management Training , 2002 .

[47]  L Proteau,et al.  On the Cognitive Basis of Observational Learning: Development of Mechanisms for the Detection and Correction of Errors , 2000, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[48]  G. Latham,et al.  Developing and Training Human Resources in Organizations , 1991 .

[49]  Tom Kontogiannis,et al.  Training Conditions and Strategic Aspects of Skill Transfer in a Simulated Process Control Task , 1999, Hum. Comput. Interact..

[50]  M. Molinari,et al.  Watch how to do it! New advances in learning by observation , 2003, Brain Research Reviews.

[51]  A. Williams,et al.  Visual perception and action in sport , 1999 .

[52]  G. Latham,et al.  Application of social-learning theory to training supervisors through behavioral modeling. , 1979 .

[53]  James E. Driskell,et al.  Games, Motivation, and Learning: A Research and Practice Model , 2002 .

[54]  Diane M. Ste-Marie,et al.  The functions of observational learning questionnaire (FOLQ) , 2005 .

[55]  Min Young Doo.  The Effects of Presentation Format for Behavior Modeling of Interpersonal Skills in Online Instruction , 2005 .

[56]  Richard R. Reilly,et al.  Training Appraisees to Participate in Appraisal: Effects on Appraisers and Appraisees , 1997 .

[57]  Endel Tulving,et al.  Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. , 1973 .

[58]  Michel Ferrari,et al.  Observing the Observer: Self-Regulation in the Observational Learning of Motor Skills , 1996 .

[59]  R. Moreno.  Learning in High-Tech and Multimedia Environments , 2006 .

[60]  T. Baldwin,et al.  Effects of alternative modeling strategies on outcomes of interpersonal-skills training. , 1992, The Journal of applied psychology.

[61]  Shawn W. Ell,et al.  Procedural learning in perceptual categorization , 2003, Memory & cognition.

[62]  Irwin L. Goldstein,et al.  Training in organizations: Needs assessment, development, and evaluation , 1986 .

[63]  S Rubinsky,et al.  Safety training by accident stimulation. , 1973, The Journal of applied psychology.

[64]  J. Harrison,et al.  Individual and combined effects of behavior modeling and the cultural assimilator in cross-cultural management training. , 1992 .