The electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry for the homogeneous human brain model

The electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry model of the human brain exposed to electromagnetic (EM) radiation is developed. The EM model based on the surface integral equation (SIE) formulation is derived using the equivalence theorem for the case of a lossy homogeneous dielectric body. The thermal dosimetry model of the brain is based on the form of Pennes׳ equation for heat transfer in biological tissue. The numerical solution of the EM model is carried out using the Method of Moments (MoM) while the bioheat equation is solved using the finite element method (FEM). Developed EM-thermal model has been applied for the internal dosimetry of the human brain to assess the absorbed EM energy and the consequent temperature rise due to the exposure of 900 MHz plane wave. Due to the variability of various parameters, the sensitivity of the maximum, minimum and the average steady-state temperature, on the various thermal parameters have been examined, as well as the influence of the parameters variation on the temperature distribution in case of EM exposure. The proposed model may be found useful in the rapid assessment of the temperature distribution in the human brain, prior to having to deal with a tedious development of a more complex models.

[1]  A. Hirata,et al.  Correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in the human head due to handset antennas , 2003 .

[2]  M. A. Baker,et al.  Role of cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in the monkey. , 1968, The American journal of physiology.

[3]  N Kuster,et al.  Effects of geometry discretization aspects on the numerical solution of the bioheat transfer equation with the FDTD technique , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[4]  K. Lomas,et al.  A computer model of human thermoregulation for a wide range of environmental conditions: the passive system. , 1999, Journal of applied physiology.

[5]  Dmitriy A Yablonskiy,et al.  How the body controls brain temperature: the temperature shielding effect of cerebral blood flow. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[6]  D. Lindsley,et al.  The human brain in figures and tables : a quantitative handbook , 1968 .

[7]  Robert L. McIntosh,et al.  A COMPREHENSIVE TISSUE PROPERTIES DATABASE PROVIDED FOR THE THERMAL ASSESSMENT OF A HUMAN AT REST , 2010 .

[8]  R. Petersen,et al.  Biological effects of radiofrequency/microwave radiation , 2002 .

[9]  Akimasa Hirata,et al.  Correlation Between Peak Spatial-Average SAR and Temperature Increase Due to Antennas Attached to Human Trunk , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[10]  Weng Cho Chew,et al.  Integral Equation Methods for Electromagnetic and Elastic Waves , 2007, Synthesis Lectures on Computational Electromagnetics.

[11]  J. Herbertz.  Comment on the ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz) , 1998, Health physics.

[12]  Akimasa Hirata.  Improved Heat Transfer Modeling of the Eye for Electromagnetic Wave Exposures , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[13]  A. Sukstanskii,et al.  An analytical model of temperature regulation in human head , 2004 .

[14]  S. Pisa,et al.  Specific absorption rate and temperature increases in the head of a cellular-phone user , 2000 .

[15]  M. Bikson,et al.  Bio-heat transfer model of deep brain stimulation induced temperature changes. , 2006, Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference.

[16]  T. Samaras,et al.  Influence of Thermophysiological Parameters on the Calculations of Temperature Rise in the Head of Mobile Phone Users , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[17]  Dragan Poljak,et al.  FETD computation of the temperature distribution induced into a human eye by a pulsed laser , 2011 .

[18]  A. Hirata,et al.  Temperature increase in the human head due to a dipole antenna at microwave frequencies , 2003 .

[19]  Michael B. Smith,et al.  Model of local temperature changes in brain upon functional activation. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[20]  A. Taflove,et al.  Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary shaped three-dimensional homogeneous lossy dielectric objects , 1986 .

[21]  R. Harrington.  Boundary integral formulations for homogeneous material bodies , 1989 .

[22]  S. N. Hornsleth,et al.  Calculation of change in brain temperatures due to exposure to a mobile phone. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[23]  D. Nelson,et al.  Brain temperature and limits on transcranial cooling in humans: quantitative modeling results , 1998, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[24]  A. Sukstanskii,et al.  Theoretical model of temperature regulation in the brain during changes in functional activity , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[25]  W. Soichi,et al.  Guidelines for limiting exposure to electric fields induced by movement of the human body in a static magnetic field and by time-varying magnetic fields below 1 Hz. , 2014, Health physics.

[26]  E Neufeld,et al.  Novel conformal technique to reduce staircasing artifacts at material boundaries for FDTD modeling of the bioheat equation , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[27]  M. A. Baker,et al.  Brain cooling in endotherms in heat and exercise. , 1982, Annual review of physiology.

[28]  A. Peratta,et al.  Thermal modelling of the human eye exposed to laser radiation , 2008, 2008 16th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks.

[29]  M E Raichle,et al.  Coupling between changes in human brain temperature and oxidative metabolism during prolonged visual stimulation. , 2000, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  E. Sparrow,et al.  Handbook of Numerical Heat Transfer , 1988 .

[31]  O. Fujiwara,et al.  FDTD computation of temperature rise in the human head for portable telephones , 1999 .

[32]  L. Zhu,et al.  Theoretical simulation of temperature distribution in the brain during mild hypothermia treatment for brain injury , 2001, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[33]  R. Goodman,et al.  Direct intraoperative measurement of human brain temperature. , 1997, Neurosurgery.

[34]  K. Jokela,et al.  ICNIRP Guidelines GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING , 1998 .

[35]  H. H. Pennes.  Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. 1948. , 1948, Journal of applied physiology.

[36]  D. Wilton,et al.  Electromagnetic scattering by surfaces of arbitrary shape , 1980 .

[37]  Ieee Standards Board.  IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3kHz to 300 GHz , 1992 .

[38]  D. Poljak,et al.  An efficient integral equation based dosimetry model of the human brain , 2014, 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[39]  Andrew J. Poggio,et al.  CHAPTER 4 – Integral Equation Solutions of Three-dimensional Scattering Problems , 1973 .

[40]  C. Nordström,et al.  Epidural temperature and possible intracerebral temperature gradients in man. , 1990, British journal of neurosurgery.

[41]  Laura Mcilvoy,et al.  Comparison of brain temperature to core temperature: a review of the literature. , 2004, The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses.

[42]  Liang Zhu,et al.  Targeted brain hypothermia induced by an interstitial cooling device in human neck: theoretical analyses , 2007, European Journal of Applied Physiology.