The U.S. 5th. Division and Gas Warfare, 1918.

Abstract : A brief account of the training of the U.S. 5th Division in gas warfare and its actual participation of Frapelle, at St. Mihel, and in the Meuse-Argonne, particularly in the attacks on the heights of Cunel and the assault crossing of the Meuse River. The author concludes that when the United States entered World War I, it found gas warfare part of the standard operating procedure of all the armies of the Western Front. Voluntary abnegation proved futile. On the battlefield, the need to maintain the morale of he assault infantry and the utility of gas in screening attacks, protecting flanks, and neutralizing enemy strong-points provided much more convincing rationales for the use of gas than any concept of deterrence. Keywords: Tear gas; Skank gas; Mustard gas; Lethality; Deterrence; Phosgene; Chemical munitions; Training; Gas masks; and Casualties.