Parallels between wind and crowd loading of bridges

Parallels between the dynamic response of flexible bridges under the action of wind and under the forces induced by crowds allow each field to inform the other. Wind-induced behaviour has been traditionally classified into categories such as flutter, galloping, vortex-induced vibration and buffeting. However, computational advances such as the vortex particle method have led to a more general picture where effects may occur simultaneously and interact, such that the simple semantic demarcations break down. Similarly, the modelling of individual pedestrians has progressed the understanding of human–structure interaction, particularly for large-amplitude lateral oscillations under crowd loading. In this paper, guided by the interaction of flutter and vortex-induced vibration in wind engineering, a framework is presented, which allows various human–structure interaction effects to coexist and interact, thereby providing a possible synthesis of previously disparate experimental and theoretical results.

[1]  S. Deniz,et al.  OSCILLATING RECTANGULAR AND OCTAGONAL PROFILES: MODELLING OF FLUID FORCES , 1998 .

[2]  Allan McRobie,et al.  The Lateral Dynamic Stability of Stockton Infinity Footbridge Using Complex Modes , 2012 .

[3]  A. G. Davenport,et al.  A statistical approach to the treatment of wind loading on tall masts and suspension bridges , 1961 .

[4]  Renato Vitaliani,et al.  Numerical analysis of a synchronization phenomenon: Pedestrian-structure interaction , 2011 .

[5]  Jeremy F. Burn,et al.  Biomechanically-inspired modelling of pedestrian induced forces on laterally oscillating structures , 2012 .

[6]  Robert H. Scanlan,et al.  AIR FOIL AND BRIDGE DECK FLUTTER DERIVATIVES , 1971 .

[7]  Edward Ott,et al.  Crowd synchrony on the London Millennium Bridge. , 2006, Chaos.

[8]  A. Larsen.  Aerodynamics of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge - 60 Years Later , 2000 .

[9]  Stephane Etienne,et al.  Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Risers: Theoretical, Numerical and Experimental Investigation , 2002 .

[10]  Joan Lasenby,et al.  Section model tests on human – structure lock-in , 2002 .

[11]  M. S. Fletcher,et al.  Dynamics of the Hungerford Millennium footbridges, UK , 2003 .

[12]  Angus Low,et al.  LONDON MILLENNIUM BRIDGE: PEDESTRIAN-INDUCED LATERAL VIBRATION , 2001 .

[13]  C. Barker.  Some observations on the nature of the mechanism that drives the self-excited lateral response of footbridges , 2002 .

[14]  Petros Koumoutsakos,et al.  Three-dimensional vortex methods for particle-laden flows with two-way coupling , 2001 .

[15]  Robert H. Scanlan,et al.  Bridge Flutter Derivatives at Vortex Lock-In , 1998 .

[16]  R. Scanlan,et al.  Resonance, Tacoma Narrows bridge failure, and undergraduate physics textbooks , 1991 .

[17]  R. Scanlan,et al.  Vortex‐Induced Vibrations of Flexible Bridges , 1990 .

[18]  S. Deniz,et al.  OSCILLATING RECTANGULAR AND OCTAGONAL PROFILES : INTERACTION OF LEADING- AND TRAILING-EDGE VORTEX FORMATION , 1997 .

[19]  J. M. R. Graham,et al.  NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF VIV ON LONG FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR CYLINDERS , 2001 .

[20]  Ugur Güdükbay,et al.  Visualization of crowd synchronization on footbridges , 2010, J. Vis..

[21]  Edward Ott,et al.  Theoretical mechanics: crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge. , 2005 .

[22]  Hugo Bachmann,et al.  Vibrations in structures induced by man and machines , 1987 .

[23]  Allan Larsen,et al.  Storebælt suspension bridge – vortex shedding excitation and mitigation by guide vanes , 2000 .

[24]  C. Scruton,et al.  Wind Effects on Structures , 1970 .

[25]  John H G Macdonald,et al.  Lateral excitation of bridges by balancing pedestrians , 2009, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[26]  Yozo Fujino,et al.  Synchronization of human walking observed during lateral vibration of a congested pedestrian bridge , 1993 .

[27]  Christos T. Georgakis,et al.  A stochastic load model for pedestrian-induced lateral forces on footbridges , 2011 .

[28]  J. Michael R. Graham,et al.  Multi-modal Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a vertical riser pipe subject to a uniform current profile , 2004 .

[29]  Godfrey Webster,et al.  Jane Coston Cycle bridge: a model for managing vibration , 2006 .

[30]  T. Theodorsen.  General Theory of Aerodynamic Instability and the Mechanism of Flutter , 1934 .

[31]  C. Feng.  The measurement of vortex induced effects in flow past stationary and oscillating circular and D-section cylinders , 1968 .

[32]  Luca Bruno,et al.  Crowd-structure interaction in lively footbridges under synchronous lateral excitation: A literature review. , 2009, Physics of life reviews.

[33]  Guido Morgenthal,et al.  A comparative study of numerical methods for fluid structure interaction analysis in long-span bridge design , 2002 .

[34]  Allan Larsen,et al.  Discrete vortex method simulations of the aerodynamic admittance in bridge aerodynamics , 2010 .

[35]  Svend Ole Hansen,et al.  Wind Loads on Structures , 1997 .

[36]  Francesco Ricciardelli,et al.  Experimental identification of pedestrian-induced lateral forces on footbridges , 2011 .