Maternal Glucose during Pregnancy and after Delivery in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Overweight Status of Their Children

Objective. To examine the association of maternal glycemia during pregnancy and after delivery with anthropometry in the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods. A total of 1,263 GDM mothers and their children finished the health survey at 1–5 years after delivery. Results. Offspring of GDM mothers who were diagnosed with diabetes during pregnancy had higher prevalence of overweight, higher mean weight for height Z scores, and higher mean BMI for age Z scores at 1–5 years old than the offspring of GDM mothers who were diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) during pregnancy. Offspring of GDM mothers who developed diabetes 1–5 years after delivery had higher mean values of Z scores for weight for height and BMI for age at 1–5 years old than the offspring of GDM mothers who had normal glucose or prediabetes after delivery. Conclusions. Offspring of GDM mothers who were diagnosed with diabetes during pregnancy or after delivery had an increased risk of childhood overweight or weight gain at 1–5 years old compared with children of GDM mothers with IGT during pregnancy or with normal glucose or prediabetes after delivery.

[1]  M. Onis,et al.  4.1 The WHO Child Growth Standards. , 2015, World review of nutrition and dietetics.

[2]  G. Hu,et al.  Obesity index and the risk of diabetes among Chinese women with prior gestational diabetes , 2014, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[3]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Different Associations of Diabetes With β-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance Among Obese and Nonobese Chinese Women With Prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus , 2014, Diabetes Care.

[4]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Prepregnancy body mass index and weight change on postpartum diabetes risk among gestational diabetes women , 2014, Obesity.

[5]  G. Hu,et al.  Birth weight and overweight or obesity risk in children under 3 years in China , 2014, American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council.

[6]  L. Hou,et al.  Maternal OGTT Glucose Levels at 26–30 Gestational Weeks with Offspring Growth and Development in Early Infancy , 2014, BioMed research international.

[7]  L. Hou,et al.  Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Pregnancy Outcomes , 2013, PloS one.

[8]  G. Hu,et al.  Relationship between maternal fasting glucose levels at 4-12 gestational weeks and offspring growth and development in early infancy. , 2013, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[9]  G. Hu,et al.  Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Offspring Overweight in Early Infancy , 2013, PLoS ONE.

[10]  D. Coustan,et al.  Gestational diabetes mellitus. , 2013, Clinical chemistry.

[11]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Program: study design, methods, and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of lifestyle intervention program. , 2012, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[12]  G. Hu,et al.  Increasing incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Louisiana, 1997-2009. , 2012, Journal of women's health.

[13]  S. Daniels,et al.  The impact of in utero exposure to diabetes on childhood body mass index growth trajectories: the EPOCH study. , 2011, The Journal of pediatrics.

[14]  J. Tuomilehto,et al.  Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women from 1999 to 2008 , 2011, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[15]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Change, and Risk for High Blood Pressure Among Chinese Children , 2011, Pediatrics.

[16]  M. Kogevinas,et al.  Maternal Glucose at 28 Weeks of Gestation Is not Associated With Obesity in 2-Year-Old Offspring: The Belfast Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Family Study , 2011, Diabetes Care.

[17]  D. Hadden,et al.  Maternal Glucose at 28 Weeks of Gestation Is Not Associated With Obesity in 2-Year-Old Offspring , 2010, Diabetes Care.

[18]  Bengt Persson,et al.  International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy , 2010, Diabetes Care.

[19]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Sleep duration and hyperglycemia among obese and nonobese children aged 3 to 6 years. , 2010, Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine.

[20]  Xilin Yang,et al.  High birth weight and overweight or obesity among Chinese children 3-6 years old. , 2009, Preventive medicine.

[21]  T. Stijnen,et al.  Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood. , 2009, JAMA.

[22]  Xilin Yang,et al.  Glucose Intolerance and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children Exposed to Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Utero , 2008, Pediatrics.

[23]  D. Luan,et al.  Physical activity level and its association with metabolic syndrome among an employed population in China , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[24]  P. Zimmet,et al.  Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus , 2002 .

[25]  K. Kleinman,et al.  Size at birth, infant growth, and blood pressure at three years of age. , 2007, The Journal of pediatrics.

[26]  Yangfeng Wu.  Overweight and obesity in China , 2006, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[27]  F. Zhai,et al.  [Comparison of assessment of food intakes by using 3 dietary survey methods]. , 2006, Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine].

[28]  J. Kleijnen,et al.  Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity , 2005, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[29]  T. Buchanan,et al.  Gestational diabetes mellitus. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[30]  R. Hamman,et al.  Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[31]  Graham A Colditz,et al.  Maternal gestational diabetes, birth weight, and adolescent obesity. , 2003, Pediatrics.

[32]  Katherine M Flegal,et al.  Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999-2000. , 2002, JAMA.

[33]  B. Metzger,et al.  Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. , 1998, Diabetes care.

[34]  M. Pepe,et al.  Gestational diabetes and the risk of offspring obesity. , 1998, Pediatrics.

[35]  P. Bennett,et al.  Diabetes and Obesity in the Offspring of Pima Indian Women With Diabetes During Pregnancy , 1993, Diabetes Care.

[36]  B. Metzger,et al.  Long-Term Prospective Evaluation of Offspring of Diabetic Mothers , 1991, Diabetes.

[37]  J. Tuomilehto,et al.  Geographical variation in the major risk factors of coronary heart disease in men and women aged 35-64 years , 1988 .

[38]  P. Bennett,et al.  Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  Zvisinei Sandi.  DEFINITION , 1961, A Philosopher Looks at Sport.