Saving Performance and Cognitive Abilities

Experiments on saving behavior reveal substantial heterogeneity of performance. We show that this heterogeneity is reliable and examine several potential sources of it, including cognitive ability and personality measures. The strongest predictors of performance are two cognitive ability measures. We conclude that complete explanations of heterogeneity in dynamic decision making requires attention to complexity and individual differences in cognitive constraints. First Draft: June 2005 This Draft: February 2006 JEL Classification Codes: C91, D91, E21.

[1]  The Relationship Between Need For Cognition and Other Individual Difference Variables: a Two-Dimensional Framework , 1989 .

[2]  Joyce E. Berg,et al.  Controlling Preferences for Lotteries on Units of Experimental Exchange , 1986 .

[3]  David I. Laibson,et al.  A Boundedly Rational Decision Algorithm , 2000 .

[4]  R. Engle,et al.  Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control. , 2003 .

[5]  S. Whiteside,et al.  The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity , 2001 .

[6]  L. Ross,et al.  Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. , 1981 .

[7]  Nathaniel T. Wilcox,et al.  Precautionary Saving and Social Learning Across Generations: An Experiment , 2003 .

[8]  G. Loewenstein,et al.  Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation , 1992 .

[9]  V. Smith Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science , 1982 .

[10]  C. F. Kao,et al.  The efficient assessment of need for cognition. , 1984, Journal of personality assessment.

[11]  G. Loewenstein Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior , 1996 .

[12]  R. Engle,et al.  Is working memory capacity task dependent , 1989 .

[13]  Andreas Ortmann,et al.  How financial incentives and cognitive abilities affect task performance in laboratory settings: an illustration † , 2004 .

[14]  C. Carroll,et al.  Buffer-Stock Saving and the Life Cycle/Permanent Income Hypothesis , 1996 .

[15]  Randall W Engle,et al.  Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: a latent-variable approach. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[16]  E. Elisabet Rutström,et al.  Decision Making Costs and Problem Solving Performance , 2001 .

[17]  L. F. Barrett,et al.  Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. , 2004, Psychological bulletin.

[18]  Bruce W. Tuckman,et al.  The Development and Concurrent Validity of the Procrastination Scale , 1991 .

[19]  Daniel Read,et al.  Choice Bracketing , 1999 .

[20]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Is Trust a Risky Decision? , 2004 .

[21]  Marjorie Flavin,et al.  The Adjustment of Consumption to Changing Expectations About Future Income , 1981, Journal of Political Economy.

[22]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Experimental Tests of the Endowment Effect and the Coase Theorem , 1990, Journal of Political Economy.

[23]  Randall W. Engle,et al.  The role of working memory in problem solving , 2003 .

[24]  Enrica Carbone,et al.  Understanding intertemporal choices , 2006 .

[25]  D. Stahl,et al.  On Players' Models of Other Players: Theory and Experimental Evidence , 1995 .

[26]  A. Rustichini,et al.  Pay Enough or Don't Pay at All , 2000 .

[27]  G. Harrison,et al.  Field experiments , 1924, The Journal of Agricultural Science.

[28]  R. Selten,et al.  Money Does Not Induce Risk Neutral Behavior, but Binary Lotteries Do even Worse , 1999 .

[29]  K. Scherer,et al.  Handbook of affective sciences. , 2003 .

[30]  The S-Shaped Value Function as a Constrained Optimum , 1989 .

[31]  Colin Camerer,et al.  The Effects of Financial Incentives in Experiments: A Review and Capital-Labor-Production Framework , 1999 .

[32]  Martin Browning,et al.  Household Saving: Micro Theories and Micro Facts , 1996 .

[33]  Joseph R. Ferrari,et al.  Psychometric validation of two Procrastination inventories for adults: Arousal and avoidance measures , 1992 .

[34]  R. Thaler Psychology and Savings Policies , 1994 .

[35]  K. Stanovich,et al.  Heuristics and Biases: Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate? , 2002 .

[36]  Michael F. Bunting,et al.  Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide , 2005, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[37]  正樹 渡邉,et al.  Sensation Seeking とヘルスリスク行動との関連 , 1998 .

[38]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  DISPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE MOTIVATION : THE LIFE AND TIMES OF INDIVIDUALS VARYING IN NEED FOR COGNITION , 1996 .

[39]  Ted O’Donoghue,et al.  Doing It Now or Later , 1999 .

[40]  N. Wilcox Lottery choice: incentives, complexity and decision time , 1993 .

[41]  K. R. Olson,et al.  Curiosity and Need for Cognition , 1984 .

[42]  Priti Shah,et al.  Models of Working Memory: Models of Working Memory: An Introduction , 1999 .

[43]  A. H. Murphy,et al.  Experiments in the laboratory and the real world , 1973 .

[44]  S. D. Porteus Porteus Maze Test: Fifty Years Application , 1965 .

[45]  R. Thaler,et al.  An Economic Theory of Self-Control , 1977, Journal of Political Economy.

[46]  M. Zuckerman Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking , 1994 .

[47]  J. Raven,et al.  Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales , 1962 .

[48]  E. Fehr A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation , 1998 .

[49]  Colin Camerer,et al.  Regulation for Conservatives: Behavioral Economics and the Case for 'Asymmetric Paternalism' , 2003 .

[50]  Fei Song,et al.  Sorting and Incentive Effects of Pay for Performance: An Experimental Investigation , 2007 .

[51]  Paul Slovic,et al.  The affect heuristic , 2007, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[52]  J. Quiggin A theory of anticipated utility , 1982 .

[53]  G. Ainslie Specious reward: a behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. , 1975, Psychological bulletin.

[54]  Miles S. Kimball Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large , 1989 .

[55]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion. , 1983 .

[56]  J. Kagel,et al.  Bidding in Common Value Auctions: How the Commercial Construction Industry Corrects for the Winner's Curse , 1996 .

[57]  J. Hey,et al.  Optimal Consumption under Uncertainty: An Experimental Investigation , 1988 .

[58]  R. Aumann,et al.  Unraveling in Guessing Games : An Experimental Study , 2007 .

[59]  Colin F. Camerer,et al.  Experiments on Intertemporal Consumption with Habit Formation and Social Learning , 2006 .

[60]  Kenneth Kotovsky,et al.  Implicit learning in problem solving : The role of working memory capacity , 1997 .

[61]  R. Engle,et al.  The generality of working memory capacity: a latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. , 2004, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[62]  Ondřej Rydval The impact of financial incentives on task performance: The role of cognitive abilities and intrinsic motivation , 2007 .