Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Human Metabolomics

Metabolomics is a discipline aiming to characterize a phenotype by means of metabolome analysis. In recent years, it has developed into an accepted and valuable tool in life sciences and its use has been growing rapidly in the study of microbial, plant, and mammalian metabolomes. It has been shown to be an effective tool in characterizing cancer cells and their response to anticancer drugs (Griffiths & Chung, 2008). To assess the effects of drugs on important pathways in clinical trials of innovative therapies, metabolomic approaches might be more cost-effective than those that measure specific molecular targets (Workman et al., 2006). The derived biomarkers applied in early clinical trials are expected to help identify appropriate patients, provide proofs of concepts, aid decision making, and ultimately reduce the high level of attrition and costs of drug development (Sarker & Workman, 2007).

[1]  Katja Dettmer,et al.  Metabolite extraction from adherently growing mammalian cells for metabolomics studies: optimization of harvesting and extraction protocols , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[2]  John B. Phillips,et al.  Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography using an On-Column Thermal Modulator Interface , 1991 .

[3]  T. Hankemeier,et al.  Microbial metabolomics with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  R. Wells.  Recent advances in non-silylation derivatization techniques for gas chromatography , 1999 .

[5]  Philip J Marriott,et al.  Metabolic profiling of infant urine using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Application to the diagnosis of organic acidurias and biomarker discovery. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[6]  James L. Little,et al.  Artifacts in trimethylsilyl derivatization reactions and ways to avoid them. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[7]  T. Hankemeier,et al.  Semi-automated non-target processing in GC × GC–MS metabolomics analysis: applicability for biomedical studies , 2010, Metabolomics.

[8]  Philip Marriott,et al.  Orthogonality considerations in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. , 2005, Journal of chromatography. A.

[9]  Joseph J. Heijnen,et al.  Leakage-free rapid quenching technique for yeast metabolomics , 2008, Metabolomics.

[10]  P. Marriott,et al.  Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography improves separation and identification of anabolic agents in doping control. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[11]  D. Armstrong,et al.  Enhanced comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic resolution of polychlorinated biphenyls on a non-polar polysiloxane and an ionic liquid column series. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[12]  S. Gatzek,et al.  Controlled protein precipitation in combination with chip-based nanospray infusion mass spectrometry. An approach for metabolomics profiling of plasma. , 2005, Analytical chemistry.

[13]  T. Górecki,et al.  Modulation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: 20 years of innovation , 2011, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[14]  P. Hua.  Alkyl Chloroformates in Sample Derivatization Strategies for GC Analysis Review on a Decade Use of the Reagents as Esterifying Agents , 2006 .

[15]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Development of a new consumable-free thermal modulator for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[16]  G. Mateu-Figueras,et al.  Isometric Logratio Transformations for Compositional Data Analysis , 2003 .

[17]  Frank David,et al.  Comparison of one-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional separations by gas chromatography. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[18]  J. Suvisaari,et al.  Metabolome in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a general population-based study , 2011, Genome Medicine.

[19]  P. Bruheim,et al.  Targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma samples for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders. , 2012, Journal of chromatography. A.

[20]  Paul Workman,et al.  Pharmacodynamic biomarkers for molecular cancer therapeutics. , 2007, Advances in cancer research.

[21]  Paul Workman,et al.  Minimally invasive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic technologies in hypothesis-testing clinical trials of innovative therapies. , 2006, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[22]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography--a powerful and versatile technique. , 2005, The Analyst.

[23]  Oliver Fiehn,et al.  A comprehensive urinary metabolomic approach for identifying kidney cancerr. , 2007, Analytical biochemistry.

[24]  T. Górecki,et al.  The evolution of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC). , 2004, Journal of separation science.

[25]  Fengguo Xu,et al.  Experiment-originated variations, and multi-peak and multi-origination phenomena in derivatization-based GC-MS metabolomics , 2010 .

[26]  U.A.Th. Brinkman,et al.  Recent developments in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC): I. Introduction and instrumental set-up , 2006 .

[27]  Thomas Shenk,et al.  Dynamics of the Cellular Metabolome during Human Cytomegalovirus Infection , 2006, PLoS pathogens.

[28]  P. Oefner,et al.  Improved enantiomer resolution and quantification of free D-amino acids in serum and urine by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2011, Journal of chromatography. A.

[29]  J. Kuhn.  Fluorouracil and the New Oral Fluorinated Pyrimidines , 2001, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[30]  Kishore K. Pasikanti,et al.  Metabolic footprinting of tumorigenic and nontumorigenic uroepithelial cells using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[31]  P. Marriott,et al.  Application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to sterols analysis. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[32]  Petr Wojtowicz,et al.  Evaluation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the diagnosis of inherited metabolic disorders using an automated data processing strategy. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[33]  Aiqin Fang,et al.  DISCO: distance and spectrum correlation optimization alignment for two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[34]  U. Brinkman,et al.  Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[35]  Bing Wang,et al.  An optimal peak alignment for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry using mixture similarity measure , 2011, Bioinform..

[36]  T. Hankemeier,et al.  Higher mass loadability in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for improved analytical performance in metabolomics analysis. , 2008, Journal of chromatography. A.

[37]  J. Grem.  5-Fluorouracil: Forty-Plus and Still Ticking. A Review of its Preclinical and Clinical Development , 2000, Investigational New Drugs.

[38]  M. Walsh,et al.  Effect of acute dietary standardization on the urinary, plasma, and salivary metabolomic profiles of healthy humans. , 2006, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  Xin Lu,et al.  Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for metabonomics: Biomarker discovery for diabetes mellitus. , 2009, Analytica chimica acta.

[40]  Shukui Zhu.  Effect of column combinations on two-dimensional separation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: estimation of orthogonality and exploring of mechanism. , 2009, Journal of chromatography. A.

[41]  Stephen E. Reichenbach,et al.  Information technologies for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography , 2004 .

[42]  Y-L Chung,et al.  Using metabolomics to monitor anticancer drugs. , 2007, Ernst Schering Foundation symposium proceedings.