Potential of bioenergy production from industrial kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) based on Malaysian perspective

Nowadays, the energy requirement of increasing population is creating energy crisis, and it’s become a serious and alarming thread for sustainability of natural resources. Moreover, upcoming demand of energy requirement is growing faster in developing countries as compared to developed ones. Malaysia is one of the fastest growing, developing countries, which is experiencing drastic and regular growth in population and economy in the recent years. It is an urgent requirement for the government and policy makers to explore alternative energy sources to accomplish upcoming demands of a growing population in the form of energy sufficiency. Malaysia is blessed with tropical and sub-tropical climates, which are suitable for exploring the green agriculture and forest potential. Most of the available energy resources in the form of fossil fuels have already been explored, and it is expected that energy demand will grow continuously by two to three fold in the next decades. Biomass resource is abundant in Malaysia. This can be considered as an alternative source of renewable and sustainable energy, with a promising future to fulfil continuous and uninterrupted supply of energy. Agricultural biomass such as Industrial Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) has been successfully investigated as a great potential to be used as a renewable and sustainable feedstock for the production of bio-energy. Kenaf regarded as a traditional crop of Malaysia. Kenaf biomass would appear as a potential material for great sustainable energy (bioethanol, biohydrogen, bioenergy) supplier in the coming future. In this review, we have provided an insight of kenaf biomass, its morphology, structure, chemical compositions, storage and sowing, cultivation, harvesting, yield and different sustainable energy possible to get from it. We also discuss the feasibility of kenaf biomass as a sustainable energy source supplier in Malaysian prospective.

[1]  K. Hori,et al.  Structural characteristics of cell walls of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and fixation of carbon dioxide , 2003, Journal of Wood Science.

[2]  Shahid Abbas Abbasi,et al.  The likely adverse environmental impacts of renewable energy sources , 2000 .

[3]  K. Muthukumar,et al.  An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[4]  S. Jindal,et al.  Evaluation of performance and emissions of Hibiscus cannabinus (Ambadi) seed oil biodiesel , 2012, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.

[5]  Klaus R. G. Hein,et al.  Effect of co-combustion of biomass on emissions in pulverized fuel furnaces , 1998 .

[6]  Tasneem Abbasi,et al.  Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization , 2010 .

[7]  K. Sopian,et al.  Overview of the production of biodiesel from Waste cooking oil , 2013 .

[8]  Klaus R. G. Hein,et al.  EU clean coal technology—co-combustion of coal and biomass , 1998 .

[9]  L. Viikari,et al.  Evaluation of annual bioenergy crops in the boreal zone for biogas and ethanol production , 2011 .

[10]  A. Ashori.  Pulp and paper from kenaf bast fibers , 2006 .

[11]  J. Tenorio,et al.  Sowing time, cultivar, plant population and application of N fertilizer on Kenaf in Spain's central plateau , 1997 .

[12]  M. Coimbra,et al.  Chemical composition and structural features of the macromolecular components of Hibiscus cannabinus grown in Portugal , 1996 .

[13]  A. Dufresne,et al.  Kenaf bast cellulosic fibers hierarchy: a comprehensive approach from micro to nano. , 2014, Carbohydrate polymers.

[14]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels , 2004 .

[15]  S. Mekhilef,et al.  A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers , 2011 .

[16]  C. Webber,et al.  Effect of location and cultivar on kenaf yield components , 1992 .

[17]  K. Ninomiya,et al.  Combined use of completely bio-derived cholinium ionic liquids and ultrasound irradiation for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic material to enhance enzymatic saccharification , 2013 .

[18]  Anoop Singh,et al.  Ethanol as an alternative fuel from agricultural, industrial and urban residues , 2007 .

[19]  Shir-Ly Huang,et al.  Pilot-scale ethanol production from rice straw hydrolysates using xylose-fermenting Pichia stipitis. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[20]  J. Dumesic,et al.  Renewable hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glucose. , 2004, Chemical communications.

[21]  Peter McKendry,et al.  Energy production from biomass (Part 3): Gasification technologies. , 2002, Bioresource technology.

[22]  Liangzhi Li,et al.  Enhancement of enzymatic in situ saccharification of cellulose in aqueous-ionic liquid media by ultrasonic intensification , 2010 .

[23]  K. Ninomiya,et al.  Sonocatalytic-Fenton reaction for enhanced OH radical generation and its application to lignin degradation. , 2013, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[24]  Manjusri Misra,et al.  Influence of processing methods and fiber length on physical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced soy based biocomposites , 2007 .

[25]  I. M. Mishra,et al.  Recent Advances in Production of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass , 2009 .

[26]  M. Balat,et al.  Main routes for the thermo-conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. Part 1: Pyrolysis systems , 2009 .

[27]  Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia,et al.  Energy Economical and Environmental Analysis of Industrial Boilers Using VSD , 2011 .

[28]  Sara González-García,et al.  Comparative environmental performance of lignocellulosic ethanol from different feedstocks , 2010 .

[29]  R. C. Muchow,et al.  Effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown under irrigation in tropical Australia II. Stem production , 1983 .

[30]  F. Gunstone,et al.  13C Chemical shifts of long-chain epoxides, alcohols and hydroperoxides , 1985 .

[31]  K. Ninomiya,et al.  Enhanced enzymatic saccharification of kenaf powder after ultrasonic pretreatment in ionic liquids at room temperature. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[32]  O. Ahmed,et al.  Effects of Mixed Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Application on Soil Properties and the Growth of Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Cultivated on Bris Soils , 2013 .

[33]  Martin A. Abraham,et al.  Production of Hydrogen from Glucose as a Biomass Simulant: Integrated Biological and Thermochemical Approach , 2008 .

[34]  Tick Hui Oh,et al.  Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth , 2010 .

[35]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues , 2005 .

[36]  J. Kamm.  A new class of plants for a biofuel feedstock energy crop , 2004, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[37]  Subhash Bhatia,et al.  Bio-ethanol from lignocellulose: Status, perspectives and challenges in Malaysia. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[38]  Jules Janick,et al.  Kenaf Harvesting and Processing , 2002 .

[39]  Zhijian Tian,et al.  Production of hydrogen by aqueous-phase reforming of glycerol , 2008 .

[40]  S. Mambelli,et al.  Yield and quality of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) stem as affected by harvest date and irrigation. , 1995 .

[41]  R. Evangelista,et al.  Fatty Acid Profile of Kenaf Seed Oil , 2013 .

[42]  Mohammad Jawaid,et al.  Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fiber , 2010 .

[43]  Tetsuya Miyazawa,et al.  Polysaccharide Hydrolysis Accelerated by Adding Carbon Dioxide under Hydrothermal Conditions , 2005, Biotechnology progress.

[44]  Debabrata Das,et al.  Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature , 2001 .

[45]  O. Adeyeye,et al.  Influence of agronomic practices on yield and profitability in kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fibre cultivation , 2008 .

[46]  Sibel Irmak,et al.  Hydrogen rich gas production by thermocatalytic decomposition of kenaf biomass , 2010 .

[47]  Margaret S. Wooldridge,et al.  Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends , 2001 .

[48]  G. Huber,et al.  Raney Ni-Sn Catalyst for H2 Production from Biomass-Derived Hydrocarbons , 2003, Science.

[49]  J. Gould.  Alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues to enhance enzymatic saccharification , 1984, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[50]  Ioannis V. Skiadas,et al.  Pre-treatment and ethanol fermentation potential of olive pulp at different dry matter concentrations , 2009 .

[51]  Andrea Monti,et al.  Energy crops in rotation. A review , 2011 .

[52]  Farhang Pourboghrat,et al.  Kenaf natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A discussion on manufacturing problems and solutions , 2007 .

[53]  G. Bañuelos,et al.  Vegetative production of kenaf and canola under irrigation in central California , 2002 .

[54]  André Faaij,et al.  Energy from biomass and waste , 1997 .

[55]  Oliver Richard Inderwildi,et al.  Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: A critical review , 2013 .

[56]  Richard Arthur,et al.  Potential feedstocks for bioethanol production as a substitute for gasoline in Ghana , 2013 .

[57]  Heinz Kopetz.  Biomass – a burning issue , 2007 .

[58]  J. V. Dam,et al.  Water absorption characteristics of kenaf core to use as animal bedding material , 2009 .

[59]  E. H. Toole,et al.  Preservation of Hemp and Kenaf Seed , 1959 .

[60]  G. Lu,et al.  Hydrogen generation from liquid phase catalytic reforming of sugar solutions using metal-supported catalysts , 2007 .

[61]  Mustafa Balat,et al.  Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review. , 2011 .

[62]  M. Paridah,et al.  Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect on fibre quality: A review , 2011, BioResources.

[63]  Saad Mekhilef,et al.  Solar energy in Malaysia: current state and prospects , 2011 .

[64]  A. Błędzki,et al.  Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010 , 2012 .

[65]  Hazizan Md Akil,et al.  Chemical modification of kenaf fibers , 2007 .

[66]  Thomas Brunner,et al.  Particulate emission reduction in small-scale biomass combustion plants by a condensing heat exchanger , 2008 .

[67]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels , 2009 .

[68]  Christopher W. Jones,et al.  Batch Aqueous-Phase Reforming of Woody Biomass , 2006 .

[69]  Bahadur Singh,et al.  Studies on Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: An optimization of kraft delignification process , 2009 .

[70]  Norma H. Pawley,et al.  Exploring new strategies for cellulosic biofuels production , 2011 .

[71]  F. Robinson.  Kenaf: A new fiber crop for paper production , 1988 .

[72]  J. Gould,et al.  High-efficiency ethanol production from lignocellulosic residues pretreated with alkaline H2O2. , 1984, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[73]  J. Dumesic,et al.  Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water , 2002, Nature.

[74]  Thomas Ingram,et al.  Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in water under elevated temperatures and pressures , 2008 .

[75]  Jianhui He,et al.  Structural analysis of bio-oils from sub-and supercritical water liquefaction of woody biomass , 2007 .

[76]  Gholamreza Zahedi,et al.  Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan--Biomass energy prospective , 2011 .

[77]  J. Baeza,et al.  Determination of optimal pre-treatment conditions for ethanol production from olive-pruning debris by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation , 2010 .

[78]  C. Webber.  Crude protein and yield components of six kenaf cultivars as affected by crop maturity , 1993 .

[79]  Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi,et al.  A comparison of pretreatment methods for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials , 2012 .

[80]  B. Jenkins,et al.  Combustion properties of biomass , 1998 .

[81]  Raymond R. Tan,et al.  Microwave-Enhanced Alkali Catalyzed Transesterification of Kenaf Seed Oil , 2010 .

[82]  R. C. Muchow,et al.  Effect of sowing date on the growth and yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown under irrigation in tropical Australia I. Phenology and seed production , 1983 .

[83]  A. Abdu,et al.  Journey of kenaf in Malaysia: A Review , 2014 .

[84]  Luis F. Razon,et al.  Kenaf oil methyl esters , 2013 .

[85]  E. Knox,et al.  Feasibility of introducing food crops better adapted to environmental stress. , 1978 .

[86]  Siew Hoong Shuit,et al.  OIL PALM BIOMASS AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOURCE: A MALAYSIAN CASE STUDY , 2009 .

[87]  Yiguo Liu,et al.  Diallel and stability analysis of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in South Africa , 2005 .

[88]  B. Chung,et al.  Continuous Ethanol Production from Cassava Through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation by Self-Flocculating Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae CHFY0321 , 2010, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[89]  Susana Lucas,et al.  Effect of inhibitors formed during wheat straw pretreatment on ethanol fermentation by Pichia stipitis. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[90]  S. Keshk,et al.  Physicochemical characterization of different treatment sequences on kenaf bast fiber , 2006 .

[91]  Christopher J. Koroneos,et al.  HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA BIOMASS GASIFICATION-A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT APPROACH , 2008 .

[92]  C. A. Smith,et al.  Kenaf seed storage duration on germination, emergence, and yield ☆ , 2003 .

[93]  J. C. Villar,et al.  Improving the use of kenaf for kraft pulping by using mixtures of bast and core fibers , 2009 .

[94]  A. Zaidon,et al.  Bonding properties and performance of multi-layered kenaf board. , 2009 .

[95]  Subhash Bhatia,et al.  Banana biomass as potential renewable energy resource: A Malaysian case study , 2010 .

[96]  Napsiah Ismail,et al.  Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Seed , 2011 .

[97]  X. Philip Ye,et al.  Investigation of rapid conversion of switchgrass in subcritical water , 2009 .

[98]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Fuel properties and calculation of higher heating values of vegetable oils , 1998 .

[99]  K. Mikolajczak,et al.  Characterization of cyclopropenoid acids in selected seed oils , 1961 .

[100]  Mohd Nor Mohd Yusoff,et al.  Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of Malaysian Cultivated Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Fiber , 2006 .

[101]  H. Oberoi,et al.  Ethanol production from alkali-treated rice straw via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using newly isolated thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii HOP-1 , 2012, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology.

[102]  T. Donovan,et al.  Yield, Vegetative Growth, and Fiber Length of Kenaf Grown on Saline Soil , 1992 .

[103]  Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman,et al.  Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective , 2013 .

[104]  Sibel Irmak,et al.  Biofuel production by liquefaction of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) biomass. , 2014, Bioresource technology.

[105]  Y. Ju,et al.  Bioethanol production from pretreated Melaleuca leucadendron shedding bark--simultaneous saccharification and fermentation at high solid loading. , 2013, Bioresource technology.