The Holistic Strategy in Multi-Scale Modeling

Abstract Theoretical tools for nanoscale systems have become highly advanced over the past decades. Consequently, the demand for novel methodologies, which enable scale-correlated analysis, increases in order to describe a hierarchy of multi-scale systems in various length and time scales. Recent development in the multi-scale approach is becoming popular as a new multidisciplinary analysis paradigm in science and engineering fields. Via hierarchical integration methodologies of various numerical techniques, we can expect a mechanism of communication between different scale phenomena, and predict macroscopic level behavior as functions of other lower level scale parameters. In addition, multi-scale approach can provide integrated system models for decision-making with high accuracy based on first-principle phenomena. In this paper, we present an overview of theoretical tools for specific scales as well as holistic strategies for multi-scale integration by using two benchmark examples: special topics dealing with renewable energy and nanotribology, that is, polymer electrolyte fuel cells and hard disk drive systems.

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